Today, the strategic goal of the White House is to control the mechanisms of global governance including the European one. However, its main strategy has not always been like this. The beginning of the U.S. and European relations was characterized by the U.S. policy of isolationism which is outlined in the Monroe Doctrine. Further international challenges forced the U.S. government, despite some disapproval of the Americans, to join the European affairs. This shift eventually led to military, economic and security assistance to the countries of Europe. Modern global problems also require close U.S.-European cooperation, which is not always straightforward.
Information and communication policy aims to build effective, harmonious communication between all actors of the democratic process with extensive use of ICTs and direct communication. The war creates an aggressive environment, which also affects the communication processes in the information sphere of the state, in particular, there is more emphasis on information, less – on deliberation. The article examines the tools used by Ukraine's state and non-state structures to: 1) objectively inform the citizens and avoid panic, 2) inform the world community about the war and intensify international support for Ukraine, 3) fight Kremlin fakes and convey reality to the RF citizens. The specifics of TV broadcasting in Ukraine during the war, media activity of officials, social pages and Telegram channels of ministries, the Armed Forces, the Office of the President, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, public organizations fighting against disinformation and fakes are analyzed. It is found out that the chosen information and communication policy is efficient at the national level (mobilized citizens to fight for victory, reduced panic, increased awareness and criticism of fakes) and at the "western" level (international moral, financial and military support to Ukraine, sanctions against Russia). However, the work in the information space of the Russian Federation is problematic because it is exposed to fierce opposition by the objects of Russian propaganda.
The article focuses on the national dimensions of the EU communication policy in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. The cornerstone of the EU communication policy is the dialogue with citizens about the policies and the future of the EU. It is based on openness, transparency and accountability which greatly contribute to building citizens' trust in the authorities' activity. EU communication policy is realized through e-governance, language policy and the policy in the sphere of mass media. The aim of the article is to analyze the experience and best practices of top 3 EU countries (Sweden, Finland and Denmark) in terms of the assessment of national policies in the field of ICT and digital skills of citizens in the sphere of communication policy. The hypothesis is that these states being the leaders as to citizens' digital literacy have introduced efficient channels of involving citizens in the decision making process.
The article focuses on the national dimensions of the EU communication policy in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. The cornerstone of the EU communication policy is the dialogue with citizens about the policies and the future of the EU. It is based on openness, transparency and accountability which greatly contribute to building citizens' trust in the authorities' activity. EU communication policy is realized through e-governance, language policy and the policy in the sphere of mass media. The aim of the article is to analyze the experience and best practices of top 3 EU countries (Sweden, Finland and Denmark) in terms of the assessment of national policies in the field of ICT and digital skills of citizens in the sphere of communication policy. The hypothesis is that these states being the leaders as to citizens' digital literacy have introduced efficient channels of involving citizens in the decision making process.
Ukraine headed for European integration in 1998 when the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine came into force. In the following years the Ukrainian society has been preparing to the state's prospective accession to the EU. However, on 21 November the course of Ukraine drastically changed and the Ukrainian society exploded. The lack of efficient communication policy, specifically close cooperation between the state authorities and the public, absolute disregard for Ukrainians' interests and requirements became the catalyst of mass protests. The aim of the article is to study the evolution of the development of communication interaction between the authorities and the civil society, to research the reasons of challenges Ukraine has faced in the past years. The article focuses on the legal grounds and the mechanisms of development of Ukraine's communication policy directions.
Ukraine headed for European integration in 1998 when the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine came into force. In the following years the Ukrainian society has been preparing to the state's prospective accession to the EU. However, on 21 November the course of Ukraine drastically changed and the Ukrainian society exploded. The lack of efficient communication policy, specifically close cooperation between the state authorities and the public, absolute disregard for Ukrainians' interests and requirements became the catalyst of mass protests. The aim of the article is to study the evolution of the development of communication interaction between the authorities and the civil society, to research the reasons of challenges Ukraine has faced in the past years. The article focuses on the legal grounds and the mechanisms of development of Ukraine's communication policy directions.
Based on the analysis of the official yearbooks of Japanese government structures – Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Foreign Affairs ("Whitebook of Defense", "Diplomatic Bluebook") identified main threats in the Asia-Pacific region for modern Japan. The key trends in the policy of China, North Korea and the Russian Federation are analyzed, which create tensions in relations with Japan and are reasons of destabilization in the region. Particular attention is paid to military developments and actions carried out by Japan's immediate neighbors. Key measures taken by the Japanese leadership to counter these threats are highlighted. It is determined that around Japan are concentrated states that have significant military potential in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Clear tendencies concerned further increase of military capacity and intensify the activities of armed forces of the region are observed. This makes country's leadership to look for new approaches to solve security problems. In December 2013, a national security strategy was approved. The main purpose of the strategy is to provide peace, stability and prosperity of the international community in the Asia-Pacific region from the standpoint of active pacifism. In December 2018, at conference National Security Council and Cabinet of Ministers of Japan has been approved Main National Defense Program. It defines the defense potential and required level of defense of Japan in the next ten years. Among planned measures aimed at strengthening defense capabilities includes: the increase of opportunities in such new areas as space, cyberspace and electromagnetic space; the increase in naval and air forces, the potential of air attack means, the comprehensive potential of air and missile defense, the potential of mobile deployment and other traditional types of defense; increasing the defense by making stocks of ammunition and fuel; safety of maritime transport routes and all important infrastructures; strengthening key components of defense potential by increasing human potential and the capacity of technological and industrial bases, as well as reviewing technical equipment, etc. It is stated that now it is possible to record only the main trends in the process of developing the concept of defense and identify key areas in which it can move. At the same time, the growth of the military force in Japan's national security strategy at the present stage is recorded. ; На основі аналізу офіційних щорічних звітів японських урядових структур – Міністерства оборони та Міністерства закордонних справ ("Біла книга оборони", "Дипломатична синя книга") визначено основні актуальні загрози в Азіатсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні для безпеки сучасної Японії. Особлива увага приділяється військовим розробкам та діям безпосередніх сусідів Японії. Проаналізовано ключові тенденції у військовій політиці Китаю, Північної Кореї та Російської Федерації, які створюють напруженість у відносинах з Японією та є причиною дестабілізації у регіоні. Виділено ключові заходи, вжиті японським керівництвом для протидії цим загрозам. Визначено, що навколо Японії зосереджені держави, що мають значний військовий потенціал як у кількісному, так і в якісному відношенні. Спостерігаються чіткі тенденції щодо подальшого збільшення військових ресурсів та активізації діяльності збройних сил регіону. Це змушує керівництво країни шукати нові підходи до вирішення проблем безпеки. У грудні 2013 року була затверджена стратегія національної безпеки. Основною метою стратегії є забезпечення миру, стабільності та процвітання міжнародного співтовариства в Азіатсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні з позицій активного пацифізму. У грудні 2018 року на конференції Радою національної безпеки та Кабінетом Міністрів Японії була затверджена Головна програма національної оборони. Вона визначає військовий потенціал та необхідний рівень оборони Японії протягом наступних десяти років. До числа запланованих заходів, спрямованих на зміцнення обороноздатності, належать: збільшення можливостей у таких нових областях, як космос, кіберпростір та електромагнітний простір; збільшення військово-морських та повітряних сил, нарощування потенціалу засобів повітряної атаки, протиповітряної та протиракетної оборони, мобільного розгортання та інших традиційних видів оборони; підвищення оборони шляхом резервування запасів боєприпасів та палива; безпека маршрутів морського транспорту та всіх важливих інфраструктур; посилення ключових складових оборонного потенціалу за рахунок збільшення людського потенціалу та спроможності технологічних та промислових баз, а також перегляду технічного оснащення тощо. Констатується, що зараз можна фіксувати лише основні тенденції в процесі розробки концепції оборони і виділити ключові напрямки в яких вона може рухатись. У той же час фіксується зростання військового елементу в стратегії національної безпеки Японії на сучасному етапі.
