Suchergebnisse

I. Conditioning of Events versus Causal Conditioning -- 1. Kinds of events and kinds of conditions -- 2. Some properties of the relation of conditioning: symmetry and transitivity -- 3. Temporal relations among events. The broadest interpretation of causal conditioning -- 4. A narrower interpretation of causal conditioning: events as changes -- 5. Other narrower approaches to causal determination -- 6. Relations among events, among features and among variables -- 7. Kinds of methods of establishing causal relations -- 8. Conclusions -- II. The Simplest Case of Causal Analysis -- 1. Preliminary remarks -- 2. Statistical relationship -- 3. Dichotomous systems -- 4. Interactions among variables -- 5. Causal relationship as a relationship which is not spurious -- 6. Probabilistic definition of cause -- 7. Cause as a necessary component of a sufficient condition -- 8. Conclusions -- III. The Causal Interpretation of Relationships in Non-experimental Single Studies -- 1. The occurrence and non-occurrence of causal relationships -- 2. Intensity of causal relationships -- IV. Verification of Statements on Causal Relationships in Diachronic Research -- 1. Kinds of processes and methods of studying changes -- 2. The panel method and the verification of statements on causal relationships -- V. Verification of Statements on Causal Relationships in Experimental Research -- 1. Classical experiment -- 2. Experiment with four groups and with the possibility of controlling the effect of the first study -- 3. Incomplete schemata of experiments -- 4. Enriched schemata of experiments -- 5. Conclusions -- VI. Causal Analyses and Theoretical Analyses -- 1. Causal analyses as theories -- 2. Causal "models" -- 3. The concept of cause -- 4. The problem of determinism -- VII. Human Beings and Collectivities. The Problem of the "Level of Analysis" in Sociology -- 1. Three meanings of membership in a collectivity -- 2. Social wholes -- 3. Classification of variables -- 4. Contextual properties -- 5. Ecological correlation -- 6. Reductionism -- Concluding Remarks: Problems Raised and Results Obtained -- Notes -- Bibliographical Postscript -- Index of Names.