Suchergebnisse

Das Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist es eine Abschätzung abzugeben, welche Prozesse im Produktlebenszyklus eines Anästhesiegerätes die größten Umweltauswirkungspotentiale haben. Aus diesen Abschätzungen sollen Schlussfolgerungen für die umweltgerechte Produktgestaltung abgeleitet werden. Grundlage hierfür ist ein Screening Life Cycle Assessment auf Basis von Daten aus der Produktentwicklung. Für die Betrachtung der Verbrauchsmengen an volatilen Anästhetika wurden verschieden Anästhesiemethoden aus der Literatur herangezogen. Möglichkeiten zur Modellierung eines Prozesses zur Bereitstellung der volatilen Anästhetika werden in dieser Arbeit betrachtet, sie sind schlussendlich jedoch aufgrund ihrer Komplexität nicht Teil dieser Arbeit. In dem Screening Life Cycle Assessment wurden diese Herstellungsprozesse durch die Herstellung des von der chemischen Struktur her ähnlichen Hexafluorethan ersetzt. Die vorgenommenen ökobilanziellen Berechnungen werden mit der Software GaBi der Firma thinkstep international und unterschiedlichen generischen Datensätzen aus Datenbanken der Software GaBi durchgeführt. Entgegen den Ergebnissen aus anderen Untersuchungen zur Ökobilanz elektronischer Geräte stellt weder der Stromverbrauch noch die Herstellung einen signifikanten Parameter der Umweltauswirkungen dar. Die größten Umweltauswirkungspotentiale weisen der verbrauchte Atemkalk (Calciumhydroxid) sowie das Anästhesiegas auf. In dieser Arbeit wird weiterhin untersucht, wie sich die Potentiale der von der Firma Dräger vertriebenen Einweg- und Mehrweg-Atemkalksysteme unterscheiden. Das Mehrwegsystem weist ökobilanziell gesehen eine bessere Bilanz auf, hat jedoch Nachteile im Umgang und in den Kosten. Das vertriebene Einwegsystem weist eine geringfügig schlechtere Ökobilanz bei komfortablerem Umgang auf, sodass es dem Kunden überlassen werden kann, welches System, mit welchen Vor- und Nachteilen, er wählt. Außerdem wird das Wirkungspotential der Freisetzung von volatilen Anästhetika untersucht und ein ökobilanzieller Vergleich der Medikamente Isoflurane, Sevoflurane und Desflurane vorgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Wirkungspotentiale der unveränderten Freisetzung des Gases während der Operation direkt aus dem Atemkreislauf und nach der Operation durch den Patienten betrachtet. Als Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass aus ökologischer Sicht Gerätefunktionalitäten von besonderer Bedeutung sind, die Betriebsweisen mit geringem Frischgas-Flow und demzufolge geringerem Anästhesiegas-Flow unterstützen, wenn dies aus Medizinischer Sicht möglich ist. Das betrachtete Anästhesiegerät Dräger A350 bietet die Möglichkeiten beide Vertriebssysteme des Atemkalks zu nutzen, sowie Anästhesien mit geringem Frischgasflow in einem Kreislaufsystem durchzuführen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit stellt sich die Frage, ob es möglich ist mit relativ geringem Aufwand eine ökobilanzielle Analyse durchzuführen, die verwertbare Ergebnisse für die Produktentwicklung liefert. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit kann festgehalten werden, dass solche Aussagen aus dieser Arbeit abgeleitet werden können. ; The aim of this thesis is to give an estimate, which processes across the product lifecycle of an anesthesia machine will have the biggest environmental impact potentials to derive conclusions for the economical design. The foundation for this study is the screening Life Cycle Assessment based on data, being provided by the product development. For the consideration of the consumption, different amounts of volatile anesthetics in different anesthesia methods from the literature are used. Possibilities for modeling a process to provide the volatile anesthetics are considered, but finally not a part of this thesis. This is caused by the complexity of the process steps and educts. In the screening Life Cycle Assessment, the production of anesthetic gases is replaced by the production of hexafluorethan. The life cycle calculations were performed with the software GaBi by thinkstep international. Various generic records from databases included in the software GaBi are used. Contrary to the results of other studies on the life cycle of electronic equipment, neither the power consumption nor the production represents a significant parameter. The biggest environmental impact potentials have the consumed soda lime (calcium hydroxide) and the anesthetic gas. In this work will also be studied, if the potential of the soda lime sold by Draeger as disposable- and reusable-soda-lime-systems is differing. The reusable-system has a better record on the environment but disadvantages in handling and costs. The disposable-system has a slightly poorer effect on the environment while the handling is more comfortable. So it can be chosen by the customer what system is desired. In addition, the effect of potential for release of volatile anesthetics is examined and made a life cycle assessment comparing the drug Isoflurane, Sevoflurane and Desflurane. In this study, the effect of the potential by an unaltered release of the gas during surgery and the effects of the gas leaving the patient after surgery are regarded. The results of this work are saying, that device functionalities that support operations with low fresh gas flow and low anesthetic gas flow has to be preferred, if this is medically possible. The considered anesthesia machine Dräger A350 offers opportunities to use both distribution systems of soda lime and is able to perform anesthesia with low fresh gas flow. In this work, the question arises whether it is possible to perform with relatively little effort a life cycle assessment analysis, that delivers actionable results for product development. The results of this work can be said that such statements can be derived from this work.

"Empirische Befunde weisen auf einen Einfluss von Geschwisterstrukturen auf den Bildungserfolg von Kindern hin: Während der negative Einfluss der Geschwisteranzahl als unstrittig gilt, zeigen sich unterschiedliche Ergebnisse hinsichtlich Geburtenreihenfolge und Geburtenabstand. Nach der Resource-Dilution-Hypothese können Disparitäten im Bildungserfolg darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass Ressourcen bei bestimmten familialen Strukturen aufgeteilt werden müssen. Kinder mit einer größeren Geschwisteranzahl, später geborene Kinder sowie Geschwister mit kurzen Geburtenabständen können durch geringere zur Verfügung stehende Ressourcen im Bildungserwerb benachteiligt sein. Mithilfe der Längsschnittstudie BiKS-8-14 werden Geschwistereffekte bei Kindern am Ende der Grundschulzeit hinsichtlich ihrer Wortschatzkompetenzen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf einen negativen Effekt größerer Geschwisteranzahl hin, insbesondere bei niedrigem familialen Bildungshintergrund. Mit Blick auf die Geburtenreihenfolge können Nachteile im Wortschatz lediglich für später geborene Kinder aus Familien mit niedrigen Bildungsniveaus festgestellt werden. Hingegen zeigen sich keine Effekte beim Geburtenabstand zu jüngeren Geschwistern, sobald die Anzahl der Geschwister berücksichtigt wird, während sich ein größerer Geburtenabstand zu einem älteren Geschwisterkind positiv auf den Wortschatz auswirkt. Weiterhin erweisen sich die Auswirkungen von Geschwisterstrukturen am Ende der Grundschulzeit als äußerst konstant." (Autorenreferat)

A time-consuming part of the organization of empirical field research is the arrangement of
appointments with individual participants. Often times part of the sample is hard to reach via
phone. An online appointment system to facilitate the coordination of the annual family visits was tested within the scope of a German educational panel study in 2012. The participants had the opportunity to arrange their appointment online in accordance with their own scheduling needs. Roughly one quarter (n = 63) of our sample of 242 families, who had thus far been used to arranging their appointments by phone, chose the online appointment system instead. To evaluate its usability for field research and the strength of possible sample bias, the participants were asked to complete a short questionnaire as well. We can
show that personal attitudes are more significant in explaining a choice in favor of the e-appointment system than socio-demographic characteristics. Overall, the e-appointment
system does not increase sample selectivity bias in our survey, so that particularly for bigger samples, it is as capable as phone based arrangement systems in getting a hold of people who are hard to reach and retaining the same high process quality, while reducing the researcher's expenditure of time and money. (author's abstract)

Geschwisterbeziehungen gelten als die längsten Beziehungen, die eine Person eingehen kann – sogar länger als die Beziehungen zu den Eltern, zum (Ehe-)Partner oder zu den eigenen Kindern. Somit stellen Geschwisterbeziehungen eine besondere Beziehungsform dar, die in solch einer Art und Weise kein weiteres Mal vorhanden ist. Vor allem die ersten Lebensjahre eines Kindes sind stark durch die Familie geprägt. Gerade dieser Einfluss geht nicht nur von den Elternteilen aus, sondern auch von den Geschwisterkindern. Da der Wortschatz in den ersten Lebensjahren vor allem durch die Familie geprägt wird, während mit zunehmendem Alter zusätzlich außerfamiliäre Einflüsse (u.a. Schulbesuch) den Wortschatzerwerb bedingen, stellt sich die Frage des Einflusses von Geschwisterkindern auf den Wortschatz. Basierend auf den Daten der deutschen Längsschnittstudie "Bildungsprozesse, Kompetenzentwicklung und Selektionsentscheidungen im Vorschul- und Schulalter" (BiKS-8-14), wurde in dieser Dissertation der Einfluss der drei am häufigsten in der Geschwisterforschung zu findenden Merkmale – Geschwisteranzahl, Geburtenreihenfolge und Geburtenabstand – auf den rezeptiven Wortschatz von Kindern im Primar- und Sekundarbereich betrachtet. Mithilfe von linearen Wachstumskurvenmodellen wurden insgesamt 2.395 Kinder im Alter von 9 bis 10 Jahre sowie insgesamt 2.984 Jugendliche im Alter von 11 bis 13 Jahre herangezogen. Zusammenfassend können die Befunde den Einfluss von Geschwisterkindern auf den rezeptiven Wortschatz nicht ausschließen, jedoch zeigt eine differenzierte Betrachtung nach der Geschwisteranzahl, der Geburtenreihenfolge sowie dem Geburtenabstand, dass die einzelnen Geschwistermerkmale nicht gleichermaßen den rezeptiven Wortschatz von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Primar- und Sekundarbereich beeinflussen sowie zeitlichen Veränderungen unterliegen. Sowohl für die Geburtenreihenfolge als auch für den Geburtenabstand zum nächst jüngeren Geschwisterkind lassen sich über die beiden betrachteten Zeitspannen keine signifikanten Einflüsse auf den rezeptiven Wortschatz konstatieren. Hingegen prägen die Geschwisteranzahl und der Geburtenabstand zum nächst älteren Geschwisterkind den rezeptiven Wortschatz vor allem im Primarbereich, während diese im Verlauf der Sekundarstufe an Relevanz verlieren.

OpenTox provides an interoperable, standards-based Framework for the support of predictive toxicology data management, algorithms, modelling, validation and reporting. It is relevant to satisfying the chemical safety assessment requirements of the REACH legislation as it supports access to experimental data, (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship models, and toxicological information through an integrating platform that adheres to regulatory requirements and OECD validation principles. Initial research defined the essential components of the Framework including the approach to data access, schema and management, use of controlled vocabularies and ontologies, architecture, web service and communications protocols, and selection and integration of algorithms for predictive modelling. OpenTox provides end-user oriented tools to non-computational specialists, risk assessors, and toxicological experts in addition to Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for developers of new applications. OpenTox actively supports public standards for data representation, interfaces, vocabularies and ontologies, Open Source approaches to core platform components, and community-based collaboration approaches, so as to progress system interoperability goals.The OpenTox Framework includes APIs and services for compounds, datasets, features, algorithms, models, ontologies, tasks, validation, and reporting which may be combined into multiple applications satisfying a variety of different user needs. OpenTox applications are based on a set of distributed, interoperable OpenTox API-compliant REST web services. The OpenTox approach to ontology allows for efficient mapping of complementary data coming from different datasets into a unifying structure having a shared terminology and representation.Two initial OpenTox applications are presented as an illustration of the potential impact of OpenTox for high-quality and consistent structure-activity relationship modelling of REACH-relevant endpoints: ToxPredict which predicts and reports on toxicities for endpoints for an input chemical structure, and ToxCreate which builds and validates a predictive toxicity model based on an input toxicology dataset. Because of the extensible nature of the standardised Framework design, barriers of interoperability between applications and content are removed, as the user may combine data, models and validation from multiple sources in a dependable and time-effective way.

OpenTox provides an interoperable, standards-based Framework for the support of predictive toxicology data management, algorithms, modelling, validation and reporting. It is relevant to satisfying the chemical safety assessment requirements of the REACH legislation as it supports access to experimental data, (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship models, and toxicological information through an integrating platform that adheres to regulatory requirements and OECD validation principles. Initial research defined the essential components of the Framework including the approach to data access, schema and management, use of controlled vocabularies and ontologies, architecture, web service and communications protocols, and selection and integration of algorithms for predictive modelling. OpenTox provides end-user oriented tools to non-computational specialists, risk assessors, and toxicological experts in addition to Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for developers of new applications. OpenTox actively supports public standards for data representation, interfaces, vocabularies and ontologies, Open Source approaches to core platform components, and community-based collaboration approaches, so as to progress system interoperability goals. The OpenTox Framework includes APIs and services for compounds, datasets, features, algorithms, models, ontologies, tasks, validation, and reporting which may be combined into multiple applications satisfying a variety of different user needs. OpenTox applications are based on a set of distributed, interoperable OpenTox API-compliant REST web services. The OpenTox approach to ontology allows for efficient mapping of complementary data coming from different datasets into a unifying structure having a shared terminology and representation. Two initial OpenTox applications are presented as an illustration of the potential impact of OpenTox for high-quality and consistent structure-activity relationship modelling of REACH-relevant endpoints: ToxPredict which predicts and reports on toxicities for endpoints for an input chemical structure, and ToxCreate which builds and validates a predictive toxicity model based on an input toxicology dataset. Because of the extensible nature of the standardised Framework design, barriers of interoperability between applications and content are removed, as the user may combine data, models and validation from multiple sources in a dependable and time-effective way.

Abstract OpenTox provides an interoperable, standards-based Framework for the support of predictive toxicology data management, algorithms, modelling, validation and reporting. It is relevant to satisfying the chemical safety assessment requirements of the REACH legislation as it supports access to experimental data, (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship models, and toxicological information through an integrating platform that adheres to regulatory requirements and OECD validation principles. Initial research defined the essential components of the Framework including the approach to data access, schema and management, use of controlled vocabularies and ontologies, architecture, web service and communications protocols, and selection and integration of algorithms for predictive modelling. OpenTox provides end-user oriented tools to non-computational specialists, risk assessors, and toxicological experts in addition to Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for developers of new applications. OpenTox actively supports public standards for data representation, interfaces, vocabularies and ontologies, Open Source approaches to core platform components, and community-based collaboration approaches, so as to progress system interoperability goals. The OpenTox Framework includes APIs and services for compounds, datasets, features, algorithms, models, ontologies, tasks, validation, and reporting which may be combined into multiple applications satisfying a variety of different user needs. OpenTox applications are based on a set of distributed, interoperable OpenTox API-compliant REST web services. The OpenTox approach to ontology allows for efficient mapping of complementary data coming from different datasets into a unifying structure having a shared terminology and representation. Two initial OpenTox applications are presented as an .

OpenTox provides an interoperable, standards-based Framework for the support of predictive toxicology data management, algorithms, modelling, validation and reporting. It is relevant to satisfying the chemical safety assessment requirements of the REACH legislation as it supports access to experimental data, (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship models, and toxicological information through an integrating platform that adheres to regulatory requirements and OECD validation principles. Initial research defined the essential components of the Framework including the approach to data access, schema and management, use of controlled vocabularies and ontologies, architecture, web service and communications protocols, and selection and integration of algorithms for predictive modelling. OpenTox provides end-user oriented tools to non-computational specialists, risk assessors, and toxicological experts in addition to Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for developers of new applications. OpenTox actively supports public standards for data representation, interfaces, vocabularies and ontologies, Open Source approaches to core platform components, and community-based collaboration approaches, so as to progress system interoperability goals. The OpenTox Framework includes APIs and services for compounds, datasets, features, algorithms, models, ontologies, tasks, validation, and reporting which may be combined into multiple applications satisfying a variety of different user needs. OpenTox applications are based on a set of distributed, interoperable OpenTox API-compliant REST web services. The OpenTox approach to ontology allows for efficient mapping of complementary data coming from different datasets into a unifying structure having a shared terminology and representation. Two initial OpenTox applications are presented as an illustration of the potential impact of OpenTox for high-quality and consistent structure-activity relationship modelling of REACH-relevant endpoints: ToxPredict which predicts and reports on toxicities for endpoints for an input chemical structure, and ToxCreate which builds and validates a predictive toxicity model based on an input toxicology dataset. Because of the extensible nature of the standardised Framework design, barriers of interoperability between applications and content are removed, as the user may combine data, models and validation from multiple sources in a dependable and time-effective way.

OpenTox provides an interoperable, standards-based Framework for the support of predictive toxicology data management, algorithms, modelling, validation and reporting. It is relevant to satisfying the chemical safety assessment requirements of the REACH legislation as it supports access to experimental data, (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship models, and toxicological information through an integrating platform that adheres to regulatory requirements and OECD validation principles. Initial research defined the essential components of the Framework including the approach to data access, schema and management, use of controlled vocabularies and ontologies, architecture, web service and communications protocols, and selection and integration of algorithms for predictive modelling. OpenTox provides end-user oriented tools to non-computational specialists, risk assessors, and toxicological experts in addition to Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for developers of new applications. OpenTox actively supports public standards for data representation, interfaces, vocabularies and ontologies, Open Source approaches to core platform components, and community-based collaboration approaches, so as to progress system interoperability goals. The OpenTox Framework includes APIs and services for compounds, datasets, features, algorithms, models, ontologies, tasks, validation, and reporting which may be combined into multiple applications satisfying a variety of different user needs. OpenTox applications are based on a set of distributed, interoperable OpenTox API-compliant REST web services. The OpenTox approach to ontology allows for efficient mapping of complementary data coming from different datasets into a unifying structure having a shared terminology and representation. Two initial OpenTox applications are presented as an illustration of the potential impact of OpenTox for high-quality and consistent structure-activity relationship modelling of REACH-relevant endpoints: ToxPredict which predicts and reports on toxicities for endpoints for an input chemical structure, and ToxCreate which builds and validates a predictive toxicity model based on an input toxicology dataset. Because of the extensible nature of the standardised Framework design, barriers of interoperability between applications and content are removed, as the user may combine data, models and validation from multiple sources in a dependable and time-effective way.