Suchergebnisse

This subchapter examines the NWFP trends in the area designated as the Bulungan Research Forest, which has been allocated by the Indonesian government to CIFOR for research purposes. The research forest covers 303 000 hectares in Bulungan district, East Kalimantan, between the Malinau and Bahau rivers, adjacent to the Kayan-Mentarang National Park. The NWFPs discussed include animals and birds, camphor, gaharu, gutta percha, illipe nuts, damar and rattan. The article also raises questions about how these trends and scenarios will unfold in the future in areas such as Bulungan.

A revised version of abstract 86318078.

Sketches the generation of the Bureau of Applied Social Research's work on mass communications. A strong interest in short-run change permeates these studies, and can be traced to a concern with the potential of radio for education and propaganda. Analyses 3 challenges to the paradigm of limited effects which are called institutional, critical, and technological. States their objections to the limited effects paradigm, the basis of their proposals for alternative theories of powerful effects--information, ideology, and organisation, respectively--and the empirical work that characterises each. (AM)

The hypo formulated by the authors of the People's Choice, on the basis of their study of the 1940 election, according to which most people take their opinions less from the mass media than from 'opinion leaders' among their acquaintance, has been confirmed & elaborated in several recent studies. Whereas the 1940 study was based on a random sampling, & merely showed that certain people said they were advice-givers, while others did not, subsequent work has provided information regarding the relations between opinion leaders & those they influence. A beginning was made in a study undertaken in Rovere, NJ, in which R's were asked to name the people to whom they turned for advice, & the latter were then interviewed. The Decatur study tried to go a step further, & to analyse not only the group of advice-givers as a whole, but the advisor-advisee dyad. A further contribution to the knowledge of the structure of such relationships was provided by the fact that advice-givers were also asked to name those they had influenced, & these latter were also sought out & interviewed. Thus the chain of influence was followed in both directions. Finally, in a very recent study of the manner in which doctors arrived at the decision to adopt a new drug, advantage was taken of the relatively small size of the medical community in a given city to interview all of Its members, & to establish a complete schema of the potentially relevant relationships in which the doctor is embedded. All of these studies taken together provide highly useful information not only about the structure of influence relationships, but also about the manner in which the formation of opinion takes place. It is found that leadership in one sphere does not necessarily imply leadership in another; the same persons are often advisors in one field & advisees in another. People are most frequently influenced by persons of their own SE level, except in the case of public affairs, where there is concentration of leadership in the highest status. Finally, the findings of the People's Choice have been borne out in that leaders in all spheres are more likely than others to be exposed to the media appropriate to their particular sphere of interest. IPSA.

Sous le régime "marxiste scientifique", les identités ethniques et claniques ont été gommées.Mais, comme dans tout l'ancien bloc socialiste, elles resurgissent de plus belle, malgré l'important brassage de population qui a eu lieu dans les villes et le long de la ligne de chemin de fer 16 . Mais comme pour les récents conflits politiques à Brazzaville (Dorier-Apprill, 1995), la coloration ethnique des revendications au Kouilou est toutefois à nuancer. Nous avons vu que des membres de la même ethnie peuvent s'affronter, entre autochtones et migrants, pour l'appropriation des ressources naturelles. L'ethnie ou le clan fonctionne en tant que groupe stratégique, au même titre que le réseau de solidarité villageois ou les associations. Le groupe se définit en fonction d'intérêts locaux et ponctuels au travers de relations de clientélisme. Si les ressources halieutiques diminuent dans un village habité à la fois par des Vili et des Téké, c'est autour de l'ethnie que se fédèrent les conflits. Si les dissensions s'opèrent autour des plantations d'eucalyptus, les villageois s'appuient sur l'association ou bien jouent la carte de la tenure foncière clanique. La référence à la tradition sert de prétexte et varie aussi selon le contexte : ici, croyance au génie, là, appropriation coutumière des terres. Mais prétexte ou non, la tradition est toujours vivante et s'adapte au changement. Pour les populations du Kouilou, comme pour d'autres sociétés (Bonnemaison, 1992 ; Vincent, 1995), le territoire qu'elles occupent est chargé d'histoire et de géo-symboles, tant sur le plan visible qu'invisible, et son appropriation est le fait des génies tutélaires. Les marques matérielles de l'histoire y étant rares, la géographie symbolique prend encore plus d'importance qu'ailleurs. Ceux qui viennent de l'extérieur pour exploiter des ressources peuvent le faire tant qu'ils s'acquittent correctement de leurs redevances face aux gérants visibles et invisibles du territoire ; mais de toutes façons, leur passage en ces lieux est éphémère car la permanence est aux génies.

Since the early 1940s a considerable literature has developed concerned with the interdependence of national incomes between countries, and specifically, since the original contribution of Metzler (1942), with the transfer problem.1 This interest springs partly from theoretical and partly from historical concern. On the theoretical plane the transfer problem captures many facets of international economic interdependence and, therefore, highlights the differing implications of alternative macroeconomic theories. On the historical level, the interest in the interdependence of economies (using Metzler's foreign trade multiplier approach) came at a time when the U.S.A. was transferring a large volume of funds to post‐war Europe, and the literature was concerned to examine the effects of such transfers.