Suchergebnisse

The share of India's export to WANA (West Asia and North Africa) is 22.5 percent, followed by EU (European Union) 21.2 percent and North America 15.5 Percent, ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) 10.3 percent, South Asia 4.6 percent and Latin America 3.3 percent (Government of India, Economic survey 2010-11). As compared to other blocs (WANA, North America and EU) the share of India's exports to ASEAN is low. Thus there is need to examine the reasons for low trade of India with ASEAN nations. In the light of this, the present paper has been undertaken to study competitiveness or complementarities in production and trade among India and ASEAN nations and to study the pattern of intra -regional trade of ASEAN nations. There is substantial range of existing complementarities between ASEAN and India. As most of the ASEAN countries are heavily dependent on imported drugs and health care equipments, therefore India could also cooperate with ASEAN in pharmaceutical and health care service sectors. India Shares Sea boundaries with three ASEAN countries namely Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand. Thus in terms of transport cost, India has benefit to trade with ASEAN. So, India should look at expanding sea transport linkages to promote trade, tourism and other economic activities.

Convenience of administration and patient compliance are gaining significant importance in the design of dosage forms. Despite of tremendous innovations in drug delivery, the oral route remains the preferred route for administration of therapeutic agents because of accurate dosage, low cost therapy, self medication, non invasive method and ease of administration leading to high level of patient compliance. US-FDA: United States Food and Drug Administration defined orally disintegrating tablets as "A solid dosage form containing medicinal substance or active ingredients which disintegrate rapidly usually within a matter of seconds when placed upon the tongue". These results to a rapid onset of action and greater bioavailability of the drug than those observed from conventional tablet dosage forms. These are novel types of tablets that disintegrate/dissolve/disperse in saliva .They are also suitable for the mentally ill and bed ridden patients who do not have easy access to water. The benefit in terms of patient compliance, rapid onset of action, increased bioavailability and good stability makes these tablets popular as a dosage form of choice in the current market.

Cross-border trade with the help of RTAs works as the backbone for the growth of member nations. SAFTA'S intra-trade increased from 5.1 percent in 1995 and reached at 6.8 percent in 2014. It is too low as compared to European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (UNCTAD, 2015). In context of this, it has become important to study bilateral trade performance between India and Pakistan.

Globalization of finance measured in terms of capital account liberalization has been viewed by many economists as an important component of the overall opening up of global trade and financial markets especially in recent years. It is in this context, paper seeks to analyse issue of CAC in India. Study reveals that capital account surplus is mainly accounted for by non-debt creating foreign investment inflows. Foreign investment and banking balance accounted 80 percent of surplus in capital account. All the components of capital account (except banking capital) witnessed decrease in inflows to outflows ratio during post-CAC period. Banking capital experienced rapid increase in inflows/outflows ratio due to rapid increase in NRIs deposits. Regarding impact of capital account balance on Indian economy, on the positive side, capital account balance significantly reduced inflation and external debt to GDP ratio but on the negative side failed to reduce fiscal deficit and increase in industrial production. RBI should direct more calibrated distribution of bank credit in favour of al productive sectors to increase overall investment in the country. So that capital account surplus can be managed.

India's export potential to other SAARC nations (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) was calculated with the help of gravity model of exports using panel data methodology (pooled model, fixed effect model and random effect model) by taking the time period 1981-2005. To find out the convergence and divergence of India's exports to SAARC members, speed of convergence was used. Moreover, study has also tried to find whether there is convergence of the actual data towards the estimated equilibrium. The study reveals that there was presence of convergence in India exports with SAARC countries and in the other words, actual India's exports to SAARC countries converged towards the estimated export potential. Among SAARC countries, India's export potential exists for Maldives, Bhutan, Pakistan and Nepal. India is the only SAARC member that shares land border with four members and sea border with two. No other SAARC country shares a common border with each other. In terms of trade, commerce, investments etc., India is a source of potential investment and technology and a major market for products from all other SAARC members. Therefore, it is essentially in India's interest to put her weight behind SAARC.

The ongoing pandemic COVID-19 has made it very clear that no one is safe until everyone is safe. But how can everyone be safe when the pandemic has broken every nerve of the economy and put an extra burden on the already crippled healthcare systems in low-income countries? Thus, the pandemic has changed the orientation of domestic as well as global politics, with many geopolitical shifts. The exponential growing infected cases and more than four million deaths has demanded a global response in terms of multilateralism. However, declining multilateralism and the need for its reforms was a much-delayed response. Given this context, this paper aimed to link the decline of multilateralism in the face of the pandemic by highlighting various instances of its failure and success; and highlighting the need for its revival. The article critically examines and evaluates the responses of multilateralism and global health diplomacy (GHD) during the pandemic. The ongoing black swan kind of event (an unexpected event) has obligated global leadership to think in terms of the revival of multilateralism through GHD. Historically, multilateralism through GHD has been shown to play an important role in managing and combating pandemics. The article further discusses various theoretical aspects such as sovereignty and hegemonic stability theory as reasons for the failing of multilateralism. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of foresight in reviving multilateralism in the pursuit of a more sustainable future.

Globalization and the development of modern technologies have led to the emergence of service trade. The success of Indian information technology (IT) has changed perception of globe about India and has captured the attention of the globe as it seems a paradox that a developing economy is emerging as a global hub for software exports. In the past three decades, the contribution of the Indian IT industry to national income, employment generation and offsetting the current account deficit is remarkable. In this consideration, the present study is an attempt to analyse the technical efficiency of the IT industry of India during the period 2000–2016 by applying panel data stochastic frontier analysis approach. The study reveals that foreign capital, age and profit ratio have a significant impact on mitigating the technical inefficiency of the IT industry while the research and development (R&D) expenditure has turned out statistically insignificant in determining efficiency. Indian IT industry is mostly driven by service exports which are not survivable in the long run. The study suggests that the Indian IT industry has to transform itself from low value-added to high value-added, from service-driven to product-driven.

The global tariffs cutback, particularly in the developed world has been substantial and also the consequent gains appropriated therefrom. This has led to the shift of focus in the contemporary trade policies, having inclinations towards one or more aspects of the trade facilitation. Trade facilitation pertains to simplification, standardisation and synchronisation of trade procedures followed internationally and within the borders of individual economies as well, bearing an enormous impact on the time to trade and otherwise increasing trade transaction costs. The South Asian region on the trade facilitation front lags way behind the other regional groupings. It contrastingly portrays dismal performance in terms of costs, documentation and time taken to export and import. Despite the empirical studies predicting impressive gains to the region from trade facilitation and mention of several trade facilitation measures in various bilateral and regional agreements, the interregional trade primarily out of inaction has been near stagnant since 1980s. The bright spot in the region, India is outdone in several trade facilitation indicators by the small and relatively not well doing South Asian economies. The border compliances contrastingly contribute considerably to the nation's time to trade and the trade transactions cost. The trade facilitation measures undertaken by the nation have mostly addressed the issues concerning the GATT articles VIII and X and the left out measures are still substantially contributing to the trade time and costs. In this regard, the paper primarily endeavours to dig into India's accomplishments and deficiencies on the trade facilitation front.