Suchergebnisse

RésuméDans cette analyse sur l'évolution de l'écart salarial entre hommes et femmes, l'autrice évalue le rôle de la variation du rendement salarial des compé‐tences professionnelles «cérébrales» (cognitives et interpersonnelles) et «physiques» (compétences motrices et force musculaire). Utilisant une série harmonisée sur six pays européens et des données comparables sur les États‐Unis, elle montre que l'effet du prix des compétences professionnelles est très variable selon les pays. Toutefois, dans tous les pays de l'échantillon, une proportion considérable de l'évo‐lution de l'écart de rémunération entre hommes et femmes reste inexpliquée par l'évolution de ce prix.

ResumenEn este artículo se examinan las tendencias de la brecha salarial de género desde la perspectiva de la evolución de los rendimientos salariales de las competencias intelectuales (cognitivas e interpersonales) y físicas (fuerza y capa‐cidad motora). Tras analizar datos armonizados de seis países europeos y datos comparables de los Estados Unidos, se observan variaciones sustanciales en cuanto a la influencia de los precios de las calificaciones profesionales en la brecha salarial. Sin embargo, en todos los países de la muestra, una parte considerable de la variación de la disparidad salarial no puede explicarse por la evolución de los precios de las calificaciones.

This paper explores gender wage gap trends by assessing the role of changing wage returns to occupational skills, brains (i.e. cognitive and interpersonal skills) and brawn (i.e. motor skills and physical strength). Using harmonized data for six European countries and comparable data for the United States, this paper finds substantial variation in the impact of occupational skill prices across countries. However, in all countries in the sample, a considerable portion of the change in the gender wage gap cannot be explained by changes in occupational skill prices.

Abstract
This paper studies the role of within- and between-firm effects on the gender wage gap (GWG). Using linked employer–employee data for Turkey for 2006 and 2014, we show that the wage gap among comparable men and women is much wider within establishments than between establishments. Our distributional analysis shows a more pronounced gap among highly paid workers, consistent with the presence of a glass-ceiling effect. This effect, however, is more apparent within establishments than between establishments, and it is the former that drives the economy-wide glass ceiling that women face. We also find that between 2006 and 2014, the GWG in Turkey widened at all points in the wage distribution, and that this widening was more pronounced within establishments than between establishments.

AbstractMotivated by the introduction of the UK Gender Pay Gap Reporting legislation to large firms, defined as over 250 employees, we use linked employee–employer panel data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings to explore pre‐legislation variation in the gender pay gap by firm size. In doing so, we contribute to the evidence on the relationship between two prominent empirical regularities in the labour economics literature, namely the gender pay gap and the firm‐size wage premium. We find that both the raw and adjusted gender pay gaps increase with firm size in the UK private sector, even after controlling for unobserved worker heterogeneity, consistent with the legislation being targeted effectively. However, this conclusion changes after accounting for unobserved firm‐level heterogeneity. Large firms have smaller within‐firm raw gender pay gaps and similar adjusted gender pay gaps when compared to smaller firms. Our findings are not specific to the current definition of large firms but hold more generally, including at alternative proposed size thresholds.

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the consumption behaviour of immigrant households. Using data from a unique Italian survey and a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that the enlargement induced a significant consumption increase for the immigrant households from new member states both in the short and in the medium run. This enlargement effect cannot be attributed to the mere legalization as it concerns both undocumented and documented immigrants, albeit through different channels. Detailed information on immigrants' legal status (undocumented/documented) and sector of employment (informal/formal) allows us to shed light on the exact mechanisms. Following the enlargement, previously undocumented immigrants experienced an increase in the labour income by moving from the informal towards the formal economy, whereas immigrants who were already working legally in Italy benefited from the increased probability of getting a permanent contract. Enhanced employment stability in turn reduced the uncertainty about future labour income leading to an increase in documented immigrants' consumption expenditure.

This paper explores the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the consumption behaviour of immigrant households. Using data from a unique Italian survey and a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the enlargement induced a significant consumption increase for the immigrant households from new member states both in the short and in the medium run. This enlargement effect cannot be attributed to the mere legalization as it concerns both undocumented and documented immigrants, albeit through different channels. Detailed information on immigrants' legal status (undocumented/documented) and sector of employment (informal/formal) allows us to shed light on the exact mechanisms. Following the enlargement, previously undocumented immigrants experienced an increase in the labour income by moving from the informal towards the formal economy, whereas immigrants who were already working legally in Italy benefited from the increased probability of getting a permanent contract. Enhanced employment stability in turn reduced the uncertainty about future labour income leading to an increase in documented immigrants' consumption expenditure.

This paper explores the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the consumption behavior of immigrant households. Using data from a unique Italian survey and a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the enlargement induced a significant consumption increase for the immigrant households from new member states both in the short- and in the medium-run. This enlargement effect cannot be attributed to the mere legalization as it concerns both undocumented and documented immigrants, albeit through different channels. Detailed information on immigrants' legal status (undocumented/documented) and sector of employment (informal/formal) allows us to shed light on the exact mechanisms. Following the enlargement, previously undocumented immigrants experienced an increase in the labor income by moving from the informal towards the formal economy, whereas immigrants who were already working legally in Italy benefitted from the increased probability of getting a permanent contract. Enhanced employment stability in turn reduced the uncertainty about future labor income leading to an increase in documented immigrants' consumption expenditure.