Suchergebnisse

The aim of this study is to present the effects of industrial enterprises on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and to retrieve Surface Heat Island (SHI) maps of these regions. SHI is one of the types of Urban Heat Island (UHI) and as the urban areas grow in a city, UHI effect becomes bigger. The city centre of Zonguldak was chosen as study area and Landsat 5 satellite data were used as materials. Zonguldak has important industrial enterprises like thermal power plants and iron and steel plant. ERDEMIR is the biggest iron and steel plant in Turkey and it is one of the biggest ones in Europe, as well. There are three operating thermal power plants in the region namely CATES, ZETES1 and ZETES2. In order to investigate these industrial regions, Landsat 5 satellite data were processed using mono-window algorithm to retrieve LST and they were acquired on 11.09.1987, 18.09.2007 and 29.09.2011, respectively. The obtained results revealed that from 1987 to 2011, spatial and temporal variability in LST in industrial enterprises became higher than the surroundings. Besides, the sizes of SHIs in 2011 are bigger than the ones in 1987. For the countries and governments, having industrial enterprises is crucial for the development and it is also important to present the community better conditions in life. Thus, decision makers should consider mitigating the effects of these regions on LST.

The aim of this study is to present the effects of industrial enterprises on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and to retrieve Surface Heat Island (SHI) maps of these regions. SHI is one of the types of Urban Heat Island (UHI) and as the urban areas grow in a city, UHI effect becomes bigger. The city centre of Zonguldak was chosen as study area and Landsat 5 satellite data were used as materials. Zonguldak has important industrial enterprises like thermal power plants and iron and steel plant. ERDEMIR is the biggest iron and steel plant in Turkey and it is one of the biggest ones in Europe, as well. There are three operating thermal power plants in the region namely CATES, ZETES1 and ZETES2. In order to investigate these industrial regions, Landsat 5 satellite data were processed using mono-window algorithm to retrieve LST and they were acquired on 11.09.1987, 18.09.2007 and 29.09.2011, respectively. The obtained results revealed that from 1987 to 2011, spatial and temporal variability in LST in industrial enterprises became higher than the surroundings. Besides, the sizes of SHIs in 2011 are bigger than the ones in 1987. For the countries and governments, having industrial enterprises is crucial for the development and it is also important to present the community better conditions in life. Thus, decision makers should consider mitigating the effects of these regions on LST.

Objective. To assess the inter-rater reliability between nurses and the convergent validity of the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) in the Turkish context. Methods. Two nurses applied the original AEP concurrently to a random subsample of 335 patient-days in internal medicine, general surgery, and gynaecology departments at a university hospital and a government teaching hospital, as a part of a larger study. Inter-rater reliability was tested by calculating overall agreement and specific agreements between nurse reviewers' AEP assessments. Validity was tested by comparing the assessments of the nurses based on the AEP with the implicit judgements of five expert physicians on a random subsample of 818 patient-days. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the AEP were calculated. Reliability and validity were also evaluated by the kappa statistic. Results. In the reliability test, there was a high level of agreement between the two independent raters applying the AEP appropriate agreement = 88.3 - 96.6%. In validity testing, the AEP had a sensitivity of 0.83-0.97, specificity of 0.62-0.80, and positive and negative predictive values of 0.84-0.88 and 0.73-0.95 respectively. Kappa coefficients in internal medicine and gynaecology indicated almost perfect agreement in reliability testing and moderate agreement in validity testing. In general surgery, the kappa coefficients showed substantial agreement in both tests. Conclusion. These results indicate that the AEP is a reliable and valid instrument to assess appropriateness of patient-days in Turkey.