Suchergebnisse

Résumé La théorie piagétienne des opérations formelles a inauguré le travail empirique sur le développement cognitif de l'adolescent. Ce lancer a abouti à deux résultats principaux. D'une part, il n'y a pas eu confirmation de stades, d'âge d'acquisition ni de conditions logiques spécifiques ; d'autre part, des recherches se sont développées sur les mécanismes sous-tendant les changements liés à l'adolescence. Des changements importants concernent la vitesse de traitement, la mémoire de travail, le contrôle inhibiteur, les capacités de planification stratégique, toutes capacités en rapport avec les fonctions exécutives. Les recherches montrent en particulier que les progrès exécutifs concernent davantage les domaines de plus grande expertise...Plus récemment, on note un focus sur la cognition de l'adolescent dans des modèles duels faisant une distinction entre la pensée heuristique et la pensée analytique plus exigeante, et entre une fonction exécutive raisonnée ( cold ) ou spontanée ( hot ) selon le degré d'investissement émotionnel et social. Les modèles de traitement duels et les neurosciences développementales s'accordent sur le rôle de la myélinisation dans la vitesse de traitement, sur le développement accéléré du système limbique, sur la prédominance du cortex préfrontal (PFC) dans le jugement et pour l'orchestration des autres systèmes neuraux. Les données expérimentales cognitives confirment. Dans le futur, la relation directe entre le développement cognitif et le développement cérébral sera sans nul doute privilégiée, avec les rapides progrès des technologies d'imagerie.

TheUnitedNationsConvention on theRights of theChild (CRC,UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly, 1989) is a transformative document which has already improved the lives of millions of young people worldwide. Ratified into law by the majority of the countries of the world, it is the first human rights treaty focusing specifically on the rights of individuals under 18 years of age. The rights described in the treaty, however, are often seen as more important for younger children than for adolescents. This policy statement reviews the germane research on the period of adolescence and affirms that the protections and entitlements in theCRCare as important for adolescents as for younger children. Recommendations for policy and research are included.

This study examined how ethnic identity relates to large‐scale brain networks implicated in social interactions, social cognition, self‐definition, and cognitive control. Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME) was used to create sparse, person‐specific networks among the default mode and frontoparietal resting‐state networks in a diverse sample of 104 youths aged 17–21. Links between neural density (i.e., number of connections within and between these networks) and ethnic identity exploration and resolution were evaluated in the full sample. Ethnic identity resolution was positively related to frontoparietal network density, suggesting that having clarity about one's ethnic group membership is associated with brain network organization reflecting cognitive control. These findings help fill a critical knowledge gap about the neural underpinnings of ethnic identity.

The last decades of neuroscience research have produced immense progress in the methods available to understand brain structure and function. Social, cognitive, clinical, affective, economic, communication, and developmental neurosciences have begun to map the relationships between neuro-psychological processes and behavioral outcomes, yielding a new understanding of human behavior and promising interventions. However, a limitation of this fast moving research is that most findings are based on small samples of convenience. Furthermore, our understanding of individual differences may be distorted by unrepresentative samples, undermining findings regarding brain–behavior mechanisms. These limitations are issues that social demographers, epidemiologists, and other population scientists have tackled, with solutions that can be applied to neuroscience. By contrast, nearly all social science disciplines, including social demography, sociology, political science, economics, communication science, and psychology, make assumptions about processes that involve the brain, but have incorporated neural measures to differing, and often limited, degrees; many still treat the brain as a black box. In this article, we describe and promote a perspective—population neuroscience—that leverages interdisciplinary expertise to (i) emphasize the importance of sampling to more clearly define the relevant populations and sampling strategies needed when using neuroscience methods to address such questions; and (ii) deepen understanding of mechanisms within population science by providing insight regarding underlying neural mechanisms. Doing so will increase our confidence in the generalizability of the findings. We provide examples to illustrate the population neuroscience approach for specific types of research questions and discuss the potential for theoretical and applied advances from this approach across areas.