Suchergebnisse

The beginnings of the humanitarian era in the Eastern Mediterranean --. - The humanitarian imagination and the year of the locust : international relief in the wartime Eastern Mediterranean, 1914-1918 --. - The form and content of suffering : humanitarian knowledge, mass publics, and the report, 1885-1927 --. - "America's wards" : Near East relief and American humanitarian exceptionalism, 1919-1923 --. - The League of Nations rescue of trafficked women and children and the paradox of modern humanitarianism, 1920-1936 --. - Between refugee and citizen : the practical failures of modern humanitarianism in the interwar Eastern Mediterranean, 1923-1939 --. - Modern humanitarianism's troubled legacies, 1927-1948

"Keith David Watenpaugh breaks new ground in analyzing the theory and practice of modern humanitarianism. Genocide and mass violence, human trafficking, and the forced displacement of millions in the early twentieth century Eastern Mediterranean form the background for this exploration of humanitarianism's role in the history of human rights. Watenpaugh's unique and provocative examination of humanitarian thought and action from a non-Western perspective goes beyond canonical descriptions of relief work and development projects. Employing a wide range of source materials--literary and artistic responses to violence, memoirs, and first-person accounts from victims, perpetrators, relief workers, and diplomats--Watenpaugh argues that the international answer to the inhumanity of World War I in the Middle East laid the foundation for modern humanitarianism and the specific ways humanitarian groups and international organizations help victims of war, care for trafficked children, and aid refugees."--Provided by publisher

Introduction : modernity, class, and the architectures of community -- An eastern Mediterranean city on the eve of revolution -- Being modern in a time of revolution : the revolution of 1908 and the beginnings of middle-class politics (1908-1918) -- Ottoman precedents (I) : journalism, voluntary association, and the "true civilization" of the middle class -- Ottoman precedents (II) : the technologies of the public sphere and the multiple deaths of the Ottoman citizen -- Being modern in a moment of anxiety : the middle class makes sense of a "postwar" world (1918-1924) - historicism, nationalism, and violence -- Rescuing the Arab from history : halab, Orientalist imaginings, Wilsonianism, and early Arabism -- The persistence of empire at the moment of its collapse : Ottoman-Islamic identity and "new men" rebels -- Remembering the great war : allegory, civic virtue, and conservative reaction -- Being modern in an era of colonialism : middle-class modernity and the culture of the French mandate for Syria (1925-1946) -- Deferring to the Aʻyan : the middle class and the politics of notables -- Middle-class fascism and the transformation of civil violence : steel shirts, white badges, and the last Qabaday -- Not quite Syrians : Aleppo's communities of collaboration -- Coda : the incomplete project of middle-class modernity and the paradox of metropolitan desire

Dominant narratives of the Eastern Mediterranean's 20th century exclude the study of Western humanitarianism and refugee survivors of the 1915 genocide of the Ottoman Armenians. Reasons for this exclusion abound. At the forefront is the abject nature of the human beings who populate that history, something which often induces revulsion on the part of historians in the present: these were people who left little of the appealing and elegant traces left by a Beiruti journalist, a Damascene urban notable, or an elite Constantinopolitan feminist. They appear as an undifferentiated mass of survivors of intense violence, disease, and starvation who are bereft of any agency; slaves, and serially raped and pregnant teenagers in bureaucratic documents stored at the League of Nations archive or packs of feral emaciated street children roving the narrow alleyways of Aleppo's old city in the paternalistic memoirs of Western relief workers—usually American or Scandinavian female healthcare professionals. Their own voices are obscured, showing up in the occasional self-published autobiography written by an elderly genocide survivor for his grandchildren, or in handwritten accounts and letters in lost dialects inherited by descendants unable to read them.

While the cause of the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire had played an important role in shaping Western attitudes and ideas about humanitarian intervention and national self-determination, the collapse of efforts to create an Armenian state in the wake of genocide and World War I led the nascent League of Nations to elaborate efforts within the repertoire of humanitarianism to preserve the Armenians as a distinct community. Those efforts bring into relief evolving interwar thought and policies about refugees, human trafficking, and the place of international institutions in the protection of civilians. The practical failures of the League's projects provided a field in which "rights talk" could take place and the modern refugee régime emerge.

Michael Gunter should not have written a review of Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide for IJMES or for any other scholarly journal, as he was intimately involved in the prepublication review and promotion of the book.

Ecosystem conservation is important for biodiversity and for human well-being. Understanding the relative risks to ecosystems is fundamental to well-informed ecosystem management. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems protocol provides an adaptable framework for risk assessment across terrestrial, subterranean, freshwater and marine ecosystems. I review a series of detailed case studies, published in this special edition of Austral Ecology, that apply the Red List of Ecosystems criteria to a broad range of ecosystem types. These studies show that detailed risk assessments are especially valuable as forerunners to strategic ecosystem management. Key components of Red List assessments that contribute to development of management strategies include critical diagnosis of trends and their causes, identification of dependencies that influence ecosystem responses to environmental change and selection of ecosystem-specific diagnostic variables that can be useful monitoring tools for evaluating the performance of management. Ecosystem Red List assessments are crucial to regulatory processes under environmental legislation in Australia and other countries. The IUCN Red List of Ecosystem criteria will help improve the scientific rigour of statutory listings and could also provide a unifying framework for the suite of listing processes that differ among jurisdictions for historical reasons. When integrated with a comprehensive ecosystem typology, ecosystem Red List assessments can also provide critical input into systematic conservation planning. The case studies demonstrate a range of analytical approaches to risk assessment framed to accommodate data of varying quality and abundance. I conclude by exploring opportunities and requirements for a systematic continental-scale Red List assessment of Australian ecosystems

International audience ; Fossil fuels can be used with minimal atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide by capturing and storing the CO2 away in geologic structures. However, stored CO2 can leak back to the atmosphere reducing the utility of this technology. To explore the trade-offs between discounting, leakage, the cost of sequestration and the energy penalty (the energy necessary to capture, transport and inject carbon underground), we derive analytic expressions for the value of leaky CO2 storage compared to perfect storage when storage is a marginal component of the energy system. If the annual leak rate is 1% and the discount rate is 4%, for example, then CO2 mitigation using leaky storage is worth 80% of mitigation with perfect storage. Using an integrated assessment numerical model (DIAM) to explore the role of leakage when CO2 storage is non-marginal, we find that a leakage rate of 0.1% is nearly the same as perfect storage while a leakage rate of 0.5% renders storage unattractive. The possibility of capturing CO2 from the air, not only from flue gases, makes storage with higher leakage rates interesting. Finally, we speculate about the role of imperfect carbon storage in carbon accounting and trading. ; Les combustibles fossiles peuvent être utilisés avec peu d'émissions en capturant le dioxyde de carbone et en le stockant dans des structures géologiques. Cependant, une fraction du carbone stocké pourrait fuir vers l'atmosphère, ce qui limiterait l'utilité de cette technologie. Afin d'explorer les compromis entre actualisation, étanchéité du réservoir, coût de séquestration et pénalité énergétique (l'énergie nécessaire pour capturer, transporter et injecter le carbone en sous-sol), nous développons un modèle analytique marginal simple de la valeur d'un stockage imparfait comparativement à stockage idéal. Si le taux de fuite annuel est de 1 pour cent et le taux d'actualisation de 4 pour cent, par exemple, alors le stockage temporaire) de la tonne de CO2 se compare à l'élimination (permanente) de 8 ...