Vision and Displays for Military and Security Applications presents recent advances in projection technologies and associated simulation technologies for military and security applications. Specifically, this book covers night vision simulation, semi-automated methods in photogrammetry, and the development and evaluation of high-resolution laser projection technologies for simulation. Topics covered include: advances in high-resolution projection, advances in image generation, geographic modeling, and LIDAR imaging, as well as human factors research for daylight simulation and for night vision devices. This title is ideal for optical engineers, simulator users and manufacturers, geomatics specialists, human factors researchers, and for engineers working with high-resolution display systems. It describes leading-edge methods for human factors research, and it describes the manufacture and evaluation of ultra-high resolution displays to provide unprecedented pixel density in visual simulation.
A reduction in roadway fatalities is a priority for federal and state departments of transportation in the United States. However, it is estimated that approximately 40 percent of the more then 40,000 annual roadway fatalities in the United States occur along roadways under local governmental (e.g., town, city, and county) jurisdiction. Meeting national and/or state fatality reduction goals will require the organized and direct involvement of local governments, and the planning and implementation of efficient and effective local roadway safety-improvement programs. This article summarizes the overall findings and recommendations of a team of transportation safety experts (including the author) that investigated the components of successful roadway safety programs in four European countries. The applicability of the information gathered during the tour was evaluated by the author to recommend activities that can be used to improve the effectiveness of typical local roadway safety programs in the United States. The implementation of these recommendations should help achieve existing and proposed national, state, and local roadway safety improvement goals.
High-resolution visual displays have been designed for flight simulation so that observers may judge the aspect angle of aircraft at far distances. The present experiment compares two display devices as untrained observers judge the spatial orientation of two target aircraft: F-15 and F-16 jets. The display devices are a prototype direct-write microlaser projector and an SXGA-format CRT display. Observers' accuracy of aircraft identification is better with the laser projector, and recognition response times are faster. A simple rule was found to fit the observers' response times; it is expressed in terms of a statistic on the autocorrelation of black-and-white silhouette images of aircraft. Observers' estimates of aspect are biased by the laser projector, whereas observers' estimates of aspect are accurate on average with the SXGA display. This bias in estimation of aspect may be attributable to variations in line brightness introduced by the laser projector. Actual or potential applications of this research include the evaluation of high-resolution visual displays for the training of basic fighter maneuvers with military jet pilots.
How naëve can one experiment be? Imagine asking observers to judge distance -- yes, literally asking them. And in asking them, no visual evoked potentials were measured, and changes in blood flow to the occipital cortex were ignored. But serendipity occurs even to the well-prepared: One's best thought for a new experiment can prove to be one's first unbiased, uncomplicated thought. Here's a cursory review of the events: A number of observers were asked to judge distances between marked posts in a field at night. They made their judgments with the help of night vision goggles (NVGs). At first the observers underestimated the distances on average. Then an experimenter began to correct the observers after each judgment. The observers' judgments of distance became accurate. On average, the observers began to estimate those distances accurately. Is this an incredible story or a difficult one?
A study is reported which sought to determine whether there had been any change in the stereotyping of the occup'al role of Negroes in general magazine advertisements since 1949-1950. A comparison was undertaken between present findings & those by Audrey M. Shuey, Nancy King, & Barbara Griffith (see SA 802). The same method as employed in the Shuey study was used. In both studies, every advertisement depicting adults in the magazines Life, Look, Saturday Evening Post, Time, The New Yorker, -'E Ladies' Home Journal was recorded. From the 292 issues in 1949-50 & the 330 issues in 1967-68, a tally was made of the N of advertisements including F, identifiable Negroes. A control group of matching advertisements with whites was also used. There were 213 paired Negro & white ads in the 1949-50 study & 268 paired Negro & white ads in the 1967-68 study. The paired ads were then used to identify occup'al status according to 2 main categories: (a) 'above skilled labor,' & (b) 'below skilled labor.' Results show that while there is only a slight shift in the 'above skilled labor category' of whites, there is a major shift in this category of Negroes, from 6.1% in 1949-50 to 71.3% in 1967-68. The stereotyping of Negroes as maids, cooks, servants, waiters, porters, butlers, & chauffeurs decreased from about 75% of all general advertisements with Negroes in 1949-50 to approximately 8% in 1967-68. Most whites, in both periods, are pictured as 'idle.' This category among Negroes increased from 1.4% in 1949-50 to 14.2% in 1967-68. In 1949-50 no advertisement portrayed Negroes as professionals, businessmen, students, or clerical workers; in 1967-68, 21% pictured Negroes in these occup'al categories. The % of Negroes in the entertainment & sports categories increased from 4.7% in 1949-50 to 36.2% in 1967-68. This would indicate that Negroes have been accepted more readily into sports & entertainment roles in occup than into other skilled categories. It seems to be almost taboo to portray US Negroes as manual laborers or personal service workers in general advertisements today. 2 Tables. M. Maxfield.
