Suchergebnisse

The Draft of the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Serbia (2009) is the most important document that establishes the goals of the security policy and determines the means and methods of accomplishing the national security interests and goals. General guidelines for the preparation of this strategic document are brought in line with current security processes in the country and its neighborhood, and with the theoretical insights that interpret and explain them. . ; Nacrt strategije nacionalne bezbednosti Republike Srbije (2009) jeste najvažniji dokument kojim se utvrđuju ciljevi politike bezbednosti i određuju sredstva i metode za realizaciju nacionalnih bezbednosnih interesa i ciljeva. Opšte postavke za izradu ovog strateškog dokumenta dovode se u vezu s aktuelnim bezbednosnim procesima u zemlji i okruženju i teorijskim uvidima koji ih tumače i objašnjavaju. .

Terrorism and armed insurgency are specific types of complex and politically motivated violence, and may be used individually or combined to achieve various political objectives. The fact that they are in the middle of the spectrum of conflict (between classical crime, on one hand, and armed/war conflicts, on the other hand), is the key reason for frequent overlapping of competences and responsibilities of the military and the police in managing the crises caused by these phenomena. In addition that, as regards after-effects they cause, both terrorism and armed insurgency are crisis situations per se, these types of political violence often cause the crises of crisis management too. The paper explains the nature and characteristics of the mentioned crises, as well as the impact of erasing the boundaries between security and defense on the distribution of competences and responsibilities in countering terrorist and insurgent crises. The role of the military in managing these crises is described through a system of command and control, with consideration of specific features and tasks at different levels of the crises management. Finally, the paper provides an analysis of functional needs and capabilities of the Serbian Armed Forces in the execution of anti-terrorist and counterinsurgency tasks in accordance with the strategic, doctrinal and other normative starting points, as well as the EU and NATO standards. ; Terorizam i oružana pobuna predstavljaju specifične vrste složenog i politički motivisanog nasilja i mogu se koristiti pojedinačno ili kombinovano u ostvarivanju različitih političkih ciljeva. Činjenica da se nalaze u sredini spektra sukoba (između klasičnog kriminala, s jedne strane, i oružanih - ratnih sukoba, s druge strane), ključni je razlog čestog preklapanja nadležnosti i odgovornosti vojske i policije u upravljanju krizama izazvanim tim fenomenima. Pored toga što, po posledicama koje izazivaju, i terorizam i oružana pobuna predstavljaju krizne situacije pert se, te vrste političkog nasilja često uzrokuju i krize upravljanja kriznim situacijama. U radu su objašnjeni priroda i karakteristike navedenih kriza, kao i uticaj brisanja granice između bezbednosti i odbrane na raspodelu nadležnosti i odgovornosti u suprotstavljanju terorističkim i pobunjeničkim krizama. Uloga vojske u upravljanju ovim krizama biće opisana kroz sistem komandovanja i rukovođenja, uvažavanjem specifičnosti i zadataka na različitim nivoima upravljanja ovim krizama. Na kraju, analiziraju se funkcionalne potrebe i mogućnosti Vojske Srbije u izvršavanju protivterorističkih i protivpobunjeničkih zadataka u skladu sa strateškim, doktrinarnim i drugim normativnim polazištima, kao i standardima EU i NATO.

In previous research we were dealing with the national interest as an analytical concept, where we gave a detailed review of different relevant authors' perspectives about the concept of national interest, and provided with suggestions for the analysis of the national interests of the Republic of Serbia, through analysis of the National Security Strategy, analysis of keynote addresses of Prime Minister nominees, and analysis of statements from official Government representatives. We also gave a review of two most common tools for analysis of national interests – matrices developed by Joseph Frankel and Donald E. Nuechterlein in 1970s, and we focused on Nuechterlein's division of national interest by two criteria. The first one identifies basic interests of one state (defense, economy, world order, and ideology), and the second one identifies the intensity of the former (existential, vital, major, and peripheral). In this paper, we analyzed the national interest of the Republic of Serbia in a manner stated through keynote addresses (Government programmes) of Prime Minister Nominees from 2071 to 2017, which included eight Programmes overall. The main objective of this paper was to test the cognitive potential of the national interest, with the basic hypothesis that the national interest of small states is linked with the so-called "hard core of national interest" as implied by the Realists (Morgenthau), which is related to the issues of survival. First we gave a review of the thematization of small states in Realist literature, where we recognized the key period when small states became a focus of research for several theorists (Robert Rothstein, Annette B. Fox, Robert O. Keohane, Peter R. Baehr, Miriam F. Elman, and Kenneth Waltz). Then we gave a brief recapitulation of the importance of national interest as an analytical concept, with an end view of Frankel's and Nuechterlein's contribution to the development of its analytical potential. We have chosen the Nuechterlein's matrix, so that our scope for analysis was the Adjusted Nuechterlein's matrix – the world order interests for great powers were reduced to the level of regions for small states. In case of Serbia, it is the "Western Balkans" and Europe. The Adjusted Nuechterlein matrix was then applied to operationalized structure of these addresses (Programmes). We conducted the qualitative analysis of the Keynote addresses' content, firstly through the list of priorities given, then through the analysis of how the author of the Programme labeled specific issue ("of high priority", "of utmost importance", etc.), and lastly, in what context the expression "national interest" have been used. In the analysis of the national interest of the Republic of Serbia through Government programmes, we considered the following conditions: the state strength through small states concept in International Relations theories, and the specificities of the Republic of Serbia in relation to immediate ("Western Balkans") and wider (European) environment. Our findings showed us that there are two regularly mentioned priorities of the highest intensity (existential interests): Kosovo and Metohija, and the process of accession to the European Union, with a few more priorities only once mentioned as the highest ones – demographical issue and energy security. Combined existential and vital included the fight against organized crime and corruption, economic recovery, and the improvement of relations with neighboring countries. Our conclusion is that existential interests are primarily focused on values related to survival, which is in accordance with the Realist "hard core of international relations".

The issue of terrorism in tourism is prioritized by the choice of the 'soft target' to achieve political goals of terrorists. Estimated risks threaten all subjects in tourism industry and above all to the national economy which thus remains without a significant inflow of funds in its budget. Therefore, the risk management of terrorism is a common need and responsibility of public and private sector in securing the safety of tourists and local residents, which makes security as an necessary prerequisite for profit. The paper discusses the tendency of increasing terrorist threats in the tourism and joint strategies and constraints of all stakeholders in the prevention and combating of threats based on risk assessment and impact analysis. ; Pitanje terorizma u turizmu je aktuelizovano izborom 'mekih meta' u ostvarivanju političkih ciljeva terorista. Procenjeni rizici prete svim subjektima turističke privrede i nadasve nacionalnoj ekonomiji koja na taj način ostaje bez značajnog priliva finansijskih sredstava u svoj budžet. Stoga je upravljanje rizicima terorizma zajednička potreba i odgovornost javnog i privatnog sektora u obezbeđenju sigurnosti turista i lokalnog stanovništva, čime bezbednost postaje neophodna pretpostavka profita i razvoja zajednice. U radu se razmatra tendencija porasta terorističkih pretnji u turizmu i zajedničke strategije i ograničenja zainteresovanih strana u prevenciji i suzbijanju pretnji zasnovanih na proceni rizika i analizi uticaja terorističke pretnje.

The concept of human security provides new content of security. By introducing a range of natural and social phenomena in the sphere of security concept leads to a more objective attitude towards this phenomenon. By shifting the focus from state security to the people, the concept does not negate the need for traditional security mechanisms, but notes that no state, and therefore no society can be safe if there are insecure individuals who live in them. The complexity of the term derives from the fact that the realization of the concept of human security depends on the process at all levels of social organization: from national, through international, transnational to global. Solving the problems of the modern man no longer depends only on local state institutions. It is necessary to establish a global system that would treat all people as equal citizens of the world. We are far away from complete acceptance of the concept of human security, but its promotion at the global level has already been a great success. Getting all social structures acquainted with the concept can contribute to creating an environment in which the political elite would some day start to work on its implementation in global terms. . ; Koncept ljudske bezbednosti pojmu bezbednost daje novi sadržaj. Uvodeći čitav spektar prirodnih i društvenih pojava u sferu bezbednosti koncept vodi ka objektivnijem odnosu prema ovom fenomenu. Prebacivanjem fokusa bezbednosti sa države na ljude koncept ne negira potrebu za postojanjem klasičnih bezbednosnih mehanizama, ali skreće pažnju da jedna država, a samim tim ni društvo, ne mogu biti bezbedni ukoliko su nebezbedni pojedinci koji u njima žive. Kompleksnost pojma proističe iz činjenice da realizacija koncepta ljudske bezbednosti zavisi od procesa na svim nivoima društvene organizacije: od nacionalnih, preko međunarodnih, transnacionalnih, sve do globalnih. Rešavanje problema savremenog čoveka više ne zavisi samo od lokalnih državnih institucija. Neophodno je uspostavljanje globalnog sistema koji bi tretirao sve ljude kao ravnopravne građane sveta. Daleko smo od potpunog prihvatanja koncepta ljudske bezbednosti, ali veliki uspeh je i njegova promocija na globalnom nivou. Upoznavanje svih društvenih slojeva sa ovim konceptom može da doprinese stvaranju ambijenta u kome bi političke elite počele da rade na njegovoj primeni u globalnim okvirima.

The process of economic transition in Serbia has highlighted the problem of socially responsible behavior of corporations and especially the growing phenomenon of corporate crime. The consequences of corporate wrongdoing are almost everywhere and cannot be overseen. The most tremendous ones are those related to human casualties, environmental disasters, long-term negative health effects and great material budget losses on local and state levels. The fact that corporations are profiting from criminal activity which causes enormous damage to society and individuals makes public policy makers face the ultimate choice - either to devise new effective measures for reducing and controlling this phenomenon or to retain the standard model of crime control, in accordance with the principles of classical criminal law. The first choice would require one of the pillars of criminal law - the principle of individual and subjective guilt of physical persons as the exclusive grounds for imposing criminal liability - to be either modified and widened in order to be used as a base for imposing corporate criminal liability or partially changed by new criminal law categories which would introduce different grounds for imposing criminal liability on an organization. The second choice would require the decision-makers to refuse to change old and well-established principles. The criminal reality, however, has made most legislatures in Europe and around the world choose the first option and introduce different forms of corporate criminal liability. Serbian criminal legislation has been headed in the same direction since 2008, when it was changed in order to enable the imposing of liability for criminal acts on corporations. However, although corporate criminal liability is becoming the European legislative standard, one question remains - Is this the only measure of criminal politics which can be used as a means of reducing and preventing corporate crime? The authors analyze criminological, cultural and other aspects of corporate crime and point to some potentially positive effects of measures based on the understanding of the characteristics and functioning of contemporary corporations. The first part of the article highlights the concept and features of corporate crime and suggests a broad criminological definition which encompasses its numerous aspects. The authors then focus on cultural aspects of corporate crime and the role of corporate culture type in choosing the criminal behavior as a way of gaining profit. In the second part, the authors examine the concept of internal corporate security culture and analyze basic models of corporate criminal liability and their relation to the concept of corporate security culture. ; Privatizacija i dolazak stranog kapitala na naše tržište su potencirali značaj društveno odgovornog ponašanja privrednih društava, ali i rastućeg fenomena korporacijskog kriminala. Teške posledice krivičnih dela privrednih društava i drugih pravnih lica se očituju u ljudskim žrtvama, uništavanju životne sredine, dugotrajnim negativnim efektima po zdravlje celih generacija i materijalnim gubicima po druga preduzeća, državne i lokalne budžete i pojedince, uz istovremen vrtoglav rast nezakonito stečenih profita korporacija - kriminalaca. Činjenica da se korporacije bogate i to u ogromnoj meri, upravo zahvaljujući kriminalnim aktima koji proizvode strahovitu štetu društvu i pojedincima, nametnula je zakonodavcima moralni imperativ - ne dozvoliti dalje nezakonito i nemoralno jačanje ekonomske moći korporacija koje ne poštuju pravne propise i običaje fer poslovanja, pa ni osnovne etičke norme. Srpski zakonodavac je krenuo putem brojnih evropskih zakonodavstava koja su u poslednjih nekoliko decenija odustala od strogog poštovanja srednjovekovne maksime societas delinquere non potest. Ipak, postavlja se pitanje da li je uvođenje zakonskih normi o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela jedina mera kriminalne politike koja se može preduzeti kako bi se redukovao fenomen kriminaliteta korporacija. Autori analiziraju bezbednosne i kulturološke aspekte kriminaliteta korporacija i ukazuju na potencijalne korisne efekte kriminalnopolitičkih mera zasnovanih na razumevanju karakteristika i načina funkcionisanja savremenih korporacija.

The paper offers an example of fact analysis, performed to survey the structure, dynamics and possible prediction of developments regarding the observed security phenomenon - in this case, white-collar criminal acts in the territory of the Republic of Srpska in the 1996-2005 period. The observation period is interesting for analyzing because it includes the period of ending armed conflicts in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and the establishing of the Republic of Srpska as an entity), as well as years of reform processes and democratic changes in the state. The paper presents the results and conclusions referring to the influence of both internal (prosecution activities, police efficiency, penal policy, etc.) and external (state of economy, the country itself, that of neighboring countries, etc.) factors on the observed phenomenon. ; U radu se prikazuje primer primene faktološke analize, radi sagledavanja strukture, dinamike i eventualne predikcije ponašanja odabrane bezbednosne pojave - krivičnih dela privrednog kriminala, u periodu od 1996. do 2005. godine, na području Republike Srpske. Navedeni period je interesantan za analizu jer obuhvata vreme od prestanka ratnih sukoba na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine (pravnog uspostavljanja Republike Srpske kao entiteta), kao i godine reformskih procesa i demokratskih promena u državi. U radu su predstavljeni rezultati i zaključci o uticaju unutrašnjih (rad organa gonjenja, efikasnost policije, kaznena politika i dr.) i spoljašnjih (stanje ekonomije, privrede, države, stanje u državama u okruženju, ponašanje samih građana i dr.) faktora na analiziranu pojavu.

Serbia and its Army are undergoing a process of reassessment of functional requirements and capabilities to respond to non-military threats to the security. In line with national, European, and Euro-Atlantic security priorities, preventive use of forces is an imperative of modern use of military resources in facing the assessed threats. The paper does not discuss separately non-military threats to the security of the Republic of Serbia as contained in strategic and doctrinal documents, or assess the risks from individual threats, which are the subject of more comprehensive future analyses and research. The authors above all point to the importance of multi-risk assessment and the analysis of scenarios of preventive actions within the scope of the third mission of the Army, taking into consideration the specificities of the Republic of Serbia. As regards the assumed risks of natural disasters, terrorism and insurgencies, the next task is to analyze functional requirements and capabilities of the Army of Serbia using the GAP analysis and other methods and techniques of risk assessment as bases of decision-making process. ; Srbija i njena vojska nalaze se u postupku preisipitivanja funkcionalnih potreba i mogućnosti odgovora na nevojne pretnje bezbednosti. U skladu sa nacionalnim, evropskim i evroa-tlantskim bezbednosnim prioritetima, preventivna upotreba snaga je imperativ savremene upotrebe vojnih resursa u suočavanju sa procenjenim pretnjama. U radu se ne razmatraju posebno nevojne pretnje bezbednosti Republike Srbije sadržane u strateškim i doktrinarnim dokumentima, niti se procenjuju rizici od pojedinačnih pretnji, što je predmet opsežnijih budućih analiza i istraživanja. Autori, pre svega, ukazuju na značaj procene multirizika i analize scenarija za preventivno postupanje u okviru treće misije vojske i uvažavajući specifičnosti Republike Srbije. U odnosu na pretpostavljene rizike elementarnih opasnosti, terorizma i pobunjeničkih dejstava, predstoji zadatak da se analiziraju funkcionalne potrebe i mogućnosti Vojske Srbije primenom GAP analize i drugih metoda i tehnika za procenu rizika kao osnove u procesu odlučivanja.