Suchergebnisse

In the first serious history of the biotechnology industry, Martin Kenney examines its growth and structure, describes the role of university departments of basic and applied biology, and shows how the relationship undermines the educational role of the university. "Kenney's work is the first major effort to provide a detailed analysis of the birth of the new industrial field of biotechnology and its impact on universities. . . . Kenney's book abounds in rich description and valuable conjectures. It also provides important insights into the structural and institutional aspects of the biotechnological revolution. It is informed by an extensive literature including reports form the financial community, university-industry contracts, trade journals, personal interviews, and company prospectuses."—Sheldon Krimsky, American Scientist "A fine description of a vital new field. It deserves wide readership."—David Silbert and Duncan Newhauser, New England Journal of Medicine "The author raises important questions about whether the character of this university-industrial complex adequately allows for the kind of public discussion and participation necessary to insure consideration of social, economic, and moral issues in the development of this important new technology."—Harvard Educational Review "Bears upon questions of fundamental importance to science, academia, and society and provides valuable documentation of the magnitude of the actions already taken and the multitude of participants involved."—Robert L. Sinsheimer, Nature

Der Autor untersucht auf Basis des Schumpeter'schen Ansatzes die ersten zehn Jahre der Biotechnologie in den USA. Er unterscheidet zwischen der Bedeutung des Unternehmers, des Wissenschaftlers bzw. des Erfinders des Manager und des Kapitalisten. Er diskutiert die Hemmnisse, die für kleine Unternehmen bei der Schaffung eines neuen Betätigungsfeldes auf dem Markt entstanden. Er zeigt, daß die Schumpeter'schen Frühwerke "Theory of Econimic Development" und "Business Cycles" die biotechnologische Industrie des Jahres 1985 in den USA treffender beschreibt als sein späteres Werk "Capitalism, Socialism und Democracy", in dem behauptet wird, daß die großen Unternehmen die Rolle der kleinen Unternehmen im Bereich der Innovation übernommen haben. Demgegenüber zeigt sich eine Tendenz zur Kooperation beider Unternehmenstypen. (IAB)

Biotechnology has been widely heralded as a potential solution to less developed countries' (LDCs') food, medical, & energy problems. Biotechnology has the potential to be not only beneficial, but also disruptive. Potential parallels with the outcomes of the Green Revolution are examined. The effect of high fructose corn syrup on LDC sugar producers is briefly discussed. The potentials of LDCs to develop strong national research efforts are assessed & general recommendations made. It is concluded that more than new technology, a change in the social arrangements is imperative to enable the benefits of biotechnology to be equitably distributed & to ameliorate the potential negative side effects that were experienced in the Green Revolution. 25 References. Modified AA.

AbstractUS platform companies have dominated the global platform economy. Drawing on archival research, interviews, and company reports, we explore the reasons that Russia was able to develop platform companies that survived the entry of US firms. The chaotic post‐Soviet society paradoxically provided a sheltered environment within which domestic companies could build sufficient competence to maintain their domestic market position. As first movers, Russian companies created and leveraged within‐country network effects based on social, cultural, and physical affinities with their user base. This made it difficult for US platforms to overwhelm domestic companies. After 2008, the Russian government's position regarding the internet changed, and it began to selectively shield domestic leaders by preventing acquisitions by foreign companies and requiring the preloading of domestic applications on devices. Our Russian case study is instructive for other countries that want to remain open but, at the same time, build domestic platform companies.