Suchergebnisse

Over the last 30 years, liberal democracies of the Global North have increasingly restricted access to their in-country asylum systems shifting many asylum and migration practices extraterritorially and prompting concern about the status of the universal human right to seek asylum. Most observers explain the trend as liberal states exerting national power and self-interest to 'externalize' asylum, 'evading' but not breaching international law. This piece adopts a different approach blending research on dynamic legal norms with Brunnée and Toope's use of Lon Fuller's criteria of legality. In contrast to explanations based on self-interest and power, I describe how the legal norm governing asylum has evolved over time alongside the shifting asylum and migration practices of liberal states through three phases. First, liberal democracies traditionally practiced an exclusively in-country approach to asylum prior to the late 1990s which only tentatively adhered to the criteria of legality. Second, the legal norm governing asylum shifted during the late 1990s and early 2000s creating new doctrine and legal practices at the multilateral level for reasons that resonated with the criteria of legality. Following contestation, however, liberal states have so far failed to implement the new substantive and procedural guidance despite the availability of more appropriate asylum practices. This account provides a significant qualification to the work on externalization and legal norm evasion, allows for the development of a typology containing three modes of asylum, and points to more legalistic asylum practices than what currently prevail among liberal states.

Does the structure of a city influence how its residents feel about migrants? Jane Jacobs railed against modernist planners who sought to replace the complex fabric of cities with suburbanized designs that prioritized sunshine and greenery. She theorized that this design trend had resulted in few opportunities for neighbours to interact with each other. In today's diverse cities, neighbourly interaction may be one key to enhancing social cohesion. Intergroup contact has been shown to reduce prejudice, and recent studies have found that even "mere-exposure" may have a positive effect. Taken together, the work of urban theorists and contact theorists implies that residents of compact cities should be more likely to hold positive attitudes toward their neighbours - including migrants. Recent research, however, casts doubt on how well contact theory applies to the lived diversity of modern cities. This paper uses data from 22 European cities to identify a relationship between one's attitude toward migrants and the design of the city in which they live. It finds that, when controlling for individual- and city-level factors, residents of cities high in "continuous urban fabric" are more likely to agree that migrants are good for their city.

AbstractThere is no international regime to comprehensively govern transnational migration in all of its facets. But scholars and policymakers acknowledge and study the existence of the global governance of migration. Though most have focused on disaggregating the global governance of migration into its separate regimes (refugees, labour, travel, etc.), I argue here that much of this architecture addresses the phenomenon of mixed migration. I define the global governance of mixed migration as involving a range of legal regimes impinging on actors simultaneously; shared understandings about the nature of mixed migration, including motivations and drivers; and the existence of different bilateral, regional and global arrangements for addressing the phenomenon. I critically review the interdisciplinary research agenda on the global governance of mixed migration, covering its emergence over the last twenty years, its broad empirical and conceptual dimensions, the major debates and promising directions for future research.

This Handbook offers a comprehensive examination of the peace, security, and development nexus from a global perspective, and investigates the interfaces of these issues in a context characterised by many new challenges.By bringing together more than 40 leading experts and commentators from across the world, the Handbook maps the various research agendas related to these three themes, taking stock of existing work and debates, while outlining areas for further engagement. In doing so, the chapters may serve as a primer for new researchers while also informing the wider scholarly community about the latest research trends and innovations. The volume is split into three thematic parts:Concepts and approachesNew drivers of conflict, insecurity, and developmental challengesActors, institutions, and processes. For ease of use and organisational consistency, each chapter provides readers with an overview of each research area, a review of the state of the literature, a summary of the major debates, and promising directions for future research.This Handbook will be of much interest to students of peace and conflict studies, development studies, security studies, and International Relations

This Handbook offers a comprehensive examination of the peace, security, and development nexus from a global perspective, and investigates the interfaces of these issues in a context characterised by many new challenges. By bringing together more than 40 leading experts and commentators from across the world, the Handbook maps the various research agendas related to these three themes, taking stock of existing work and debates, while outlining areas for further engagement. In doing so, the chapters may serve as a primer for new researchers while also informing the wider scholarly community about the latest research trends and innovations.

Introduction / Alpaslan Özerdem, Fen Hampson, and Jonathan Kent -- Meanings of peace / Landon Hancock and Johanna Solomon -- Conceptions of security / Paul Jackson -- Human security / Edward Newman -- Peacebuilding / Alpaslan Özerdem -- State-building, state fragility and interventions / Nicolas Lemay-Hébert -- Humanitarian intervention in a global age / Emrah Özdemir -- Human rights and transitional justice / Clifford Bob -- Nonviolent conflict transformation / Patricia Sellick -- Climate change and environment / Paola Vesco and Halvard Buhaug -- Health problems and epidemics / Val Percival -- Non-state actors and conflict management in an era of gray zone conflict / David Carment and Dani Belo -- Maritime insecurities / Christian Bueger and Jessica Larsen -- US foreign policy and global peace and security : the case for a new foreign policy / Jeffrey Sachs -- Democratization processes and international conflict / Fletcher D. Cox -- State-building and post state-building : from triumphalism to defeatism / Marina Ottaway -- Religion and international conflict / Ahmet Erdi Özturk -- Inequality, identity, and conflict / Solveig Hillesund and Gudrun Østby -- Memory, cultural heritage, and legacies of wars / Valérie Rosoux -- State-society relations in the era of populist politics : the role of corporate responsibility / Robert Hanlon and Kenneth Christie -- Appropriate interventions in an increasingly interconnected world : overview of interventionism and development in insecure contexts / Julia Smith-Omono -- Promoting peace and security through sustainable development goals / Aytakin Mustafayeva -- Peace journalism / Jake Lynch -- Donors and the peace-security-development nexus / Ivica Petrikova -- Rising powers and world politics' changing security landscape / Nick Bisley -- The changing role of the United Nations in managing armed conflict / Alistair D. Edgar -- NATO : current challenges and long-term adaptation / Alexander Moens and Alexandra Richards -- The Bretton Woods institutions and their changing role in shaping development outcomes in the post 2008 period / Mark Hibben -- Regional organizations / Aarie Glas and David Zarnett -- A critical review of displacement regimes / Robert Muggah -- The global governance of migration / Jonathan Kent -- Diaspora as non-state actors in the international system / Oula Kadhum -- The changing role of civil society actors in peacemaking and peacebuilding / Sara Hellmüller -- Non-governmental organizations and the peace, security, and development nexus / Maryam Zarnegar Deloffre -- Youth, peace, and security / Ali Altiok, Helen Berents, Irena Grizelj, and Siobhan McEvoy-Levy.

"This Handbook offers a comprehensive examination of the peace, security and development nexus from a global perspective, and investigates the interfaces of these issues in a context characterised by many new challenges. By bringing together more than 40 leading experts and commentators from across the world, the handbook maps the various research agendas related to these three themes, taking stock of existing work and debates, while outlining areas for further engagement. In doing so, the chapters may serve as a primer for new researchers while also informing the wider scholarly community about the latest research trends and innovations. The volume is split into three thematic sections: Concepts and approaches; New drivers of conflict, insecurity and developmental challenges; Actors, institutions, and processes. For ease of use and organisational consistency, each chapter provides readers with an overview of each research area, a review of the state of the literature, a summary of the major debates, and promising directions for future research. This handbook will be of much interest to students of peace and conflict studies, development studies, security studies and International Relations"--

Over the last thirty-five years, Western liberal democracies have exerted more control over their borders through an array of innovative migration-control practices. Scholars have taken stock of these efforts and referred to them collectively as "deterrence" measures, ignoring the fact that deterrence is an established concept with a focused definition and meaning. We argue that in the context of migration governance, the concept of deterrence has been stretched beyond meaningful parameters. In order to restore conceptual clarity and develop a more useful framework, we build on the fourth wave of deterrence literature and apply its insights to these new migration-control practices. We construct a theoretically informed typology that differentiates between deterrence and defense policies. Deterrence aims to change the motivations of migrants, whereas defense policies change migrants' capabilities. We also differentiate between the timing and location of the interventions. We elaborate on each category of policy with examples drawn from various geographic regions and propose a framework for expanding this analysis through a systematic exploration of global practices. We conclude with a discussion of the implications stemming from these insights with respect to normative and practical debates in this research area.