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The Electoral College has always been controversial. A compromise measure from day one, it has been a target of reformers in Congress since the early 1800s. Why has it persisted? Alexander Keyssar catalogs the many serious efforts to change the system, explains why they failed, and surveys the options for achieving a more democratic national vote

In the context of the 2000 US presidential election, it is noted that the right to vote is not fundamentally guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. The history of voting rights is both complex & surprising, & a careful study of this history reveals factors that may come as a surprise to many Americans. (1) The Founding Fathers did not include a federal standard that ensured the right to vote in the Constitution. Instead, state law dictated suffrage. (2) Suffrage was not nationalized until the early 1970s, much later than most people believe. (3) Those serving prison terms are disenfranchised in 47 states, an important consideration in close elections. This road to voting rights helped pave the way for the election of 2000, a race in which the issue of ethnicity & campaign finance played an important role not only in FL but throughout the nation. In looking back on the election, it is apparent that reforms are needed. Disenfranchisement practices continue, while the wealthy of both parties maintain a disproportionate hold on the US political system. Though necessary, significant reforms remain unlikely. K. A. Larsen

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Three Generations of Women in Central Europe -- 2. Gender Regimes East and West -- 3. From ''K und K'' to ''Communism versus Capitalism'': The Social Worlds of Austria and Hungary -- 4. Exclusion versus Limited Inclusion -- 5. Mechanisms of Exclusion -- 6. Conditions of Inclusion: Examining State Policies in Austria and Hungary, 1945–1995 -- 7. Difference at Work: A Case Study of Hungary -- 8. Convergence in the Twenty-First Century? -- Appendix A. Data Sets, Samples, and Definition of Variables -- Appendix B. Chronology of Legislation Targeting or Affecting Women -- Notes -- References -- Index

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps and Figures -- Acknowledgments and Dedication -- Contexts: An Introductory Note to Readers -- 1. Worlds in Motion, Cultures in Contact -- PART I The Judeo-Christian-Islamic Mediterranean and Eurasian Worlds to the 1500s -- 2. Antecedents: Migration and Population Changes in the Mediterranean-Asian Worlds -- 3. Continuities: Mobility and Migration from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Century -- 4. The End of Intercivilizational Contact and the Economics of Religious Expulsions -- 5. Ottoman Society, Europe, and the Beginnings of Colonial Contact -- PART II Other Worlds and European Colonialism to the Eighteenth Century -- 6. Africa and the Slave Migration Systems -- 7. Trade-Posts and Colonies in the World of the Indian Ocean -- 8. Latin America: Population Collapse and Resettlement -- 9. Fur Empires and Colonies of Agricultural Settlement -- 10. Forced Labor Migration in and to the Americas -- 11. Migration and Conversion: Worldviews, Material Culture, Racial Hierarchies -- PART III Intercontinental Migration Systems to the Nineteenth Century -- 12. Europe: Internal Migrations from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century -- 13. The Russo-Siberian Migration System -- 14. The Proletarian Mass Migrations in the Atlantic Economies -- 15. The Asian Contract Labor System (1830s to 1920s) and Transpacific Migration -- 16 Imperial Interest Groups and Subaltern Cultural Assertion -- PART IV Twentieth-Century Changes -- 17 Forced Labor and Refugees in the Northern Hemisphere to the 1950s -- 18 Between the Old and the New, 1920s to 1950s -- 19 New Migration Systems since the 1960s -- 20 Intercultural Strategies and Closed Doors in the 1990s -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Sources for Maps and Figures -- Index