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One of the most serious challenges which is still threatening Muslims globally is the surge in Islamophobia, or negative attitudes and excessive fear towards Islam and Muslims. The digital age became a double-edged sword when it comes to the threat of Islamophobia. On one hand, it opened the door for anti-Muslim campaigns to spread widely and quickly online. On the other hand, it provided modern Muslims with much-needed opportunities to resist such hateful campaigns using the very same digital tools. This article sheds light on three important strategies which have been successfully deployed by modern Muslims to resist Islamophobia in the digital age. The first is the effective utilization of humor to resist some of the most hateful anti-Muslim campaigns and misrepresentations in cyberspace and present successful counter-narratives. The second is putting faith in action, through Muslim philanthropy and communal giving, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This has been done by using digital tools to spread and amplify these good deeds, while resisting Islamophobia simultaneously by correcting some of the false images and skewed misrepresentations about Islam and Muslims and replacing them with positive ones. And the third is boosting the visibility of Muslim women's identities and amplifying their voices, which shatters the negative stereotypes about Muslim women as silent and helpless beings and counters their misrepresentation and marginalization, while countering Islamophobia in parallel. In discussing each of these strategies, the appropriate context is explained and relevant examples are provided to illustrate the arguments made throughout this paper.

Significant climate changes are foreseen in the coming years alongside major impacts of frequent and extreme weather conditions affecting cities, residents, and urban infrastructure systems. In parallel, demographic changes and increased urbanization are anticipated given that most of the world's population is expected to be residing in cities in the following decades. Therefore, adapting urban areas remains an urgent matter as cities are susceptible and vulnerable to climate change on one hand, and are exposing a large and an increased number of dwellers to major impacts on the other hand. This research focuses on medium-sized European cities, hosting millions of people and exposing them to the major impacts of global warming. These cities could be at disadvantage in comparison to larger cities given that they could have limited technical, financial, and human resources. However, they also present certain advantages as addressing the issue seems more manageable in limited geographical areas, in comparison to metropolitan areas. Additionally, small administrations benefit from straight and short lines of communication. The selected unit highlights the severity and magnitude of climate-related issues in urban areas and underlines the urgency to act. It also sheds light on the role of local governments and municipalities in addressing a topic of global relevance. Experimenting locally with adaptation approaches could present both opportunities and challenges given that climate change is a global issue. Hence, questions are raised to deduce the way forward in the governance of climate change adaptation in medium-sized cities. This study adds to the existing literature by underlining the impacts of climate change on urban systems in the selected mid-sized European cities. It also investigates the role of local municipalities and governments in developing and implementing environmental and adaptation action plans. For this purpose, a comparative case study approach is adopted, focusing on five medium-sized European ...

Significant climate changes are foreseen in the coming years alongside major impacts of frequent and extreme weather conditions affecting cities, residents, and urban infrastructure systems. In parallel, demographic changes and increased urbanization are anticipated given that most of the world's population is expected to be residing in cities in the following decades. Therefore, adapting urban areas remains an urgent matter as cities are susceptible and vulnerable to climate change on one hand, and are exposing a large and an increased number of dwellers to major impacts on the other hand. This research focuses on medium-sized European cities, hosting millions of people and exposing them to the major impacts of global warming. These cities could be at disadvantage in comparison to larger cities given that they could have limited technical, financial, and human resources. However, they also present certain advantages as addressing the issue seems more manageable in limited geographical areas, in comparison to metropolitan areas. Additionally, small administrations benefit from straight and short lines of communication. The selected unit highlights the severity and magnitude of climate-related issues in urban areas and underlines the urgency to act. It also sheds light on the role of local governments and municipalities in addressing a topic of global relevance. Experimenting locally with adaptation approaches could present both opportunities and challenges given that climate change is a global issue. Hence, questions are raised to deduce the way forward in the governance of climate change adaptation in medium-sized cities. This study adds to the existing literature by underlining the impacts of climate change on urban systems in the selected mid-sized European cities. It also investigates the role of local municipalities and governments in developing and implementing environmental and adaptation action plans. For this purpose, a comparative case study approach is adopted, focusing on five medium-sized European ...

عند الدخول إلى كنيسة القرية في جديدة عرطوزـ ريف دمشق، غالبا ما يلفت نظر الداخل روية بجموعة أيقونات قدرمة العهد، موضوعة في الهيكل داخلا، بحيث لا يراها إلا خدام الهيكل، وفي إحدى المدات حاولت أن أعرف إلى أي تاريخ ترقى هذه الأيقونات، وإذ وجدت أوراقا تعود إلى المديرية العامة للاثار والمتاحف تحتوي على صور فوتوغرافية للأيقونات مع أرقامها. ورأيت على بعض الأيقونات تاريخا من العام ١٨٦٥م وعلى أخرى ٣٧ ١٧ م. هذا ما زادني فضو لا لدراسة هذه الأيقونات.

Informal firms make up a major share of the economy in most developing countries. Expanding formalization could increase government tax revenues, boost firm profits and national income, and increase employee well-being by improving access to social security and health and workers' benefits. Reforms to encourage firms to register include simplifying procedures, reducing the cost and time to register, and making more information available on registration procedures. Reforms might not result in higher registration and formalization.In some cases, better enforcement and wider development policies might be needed as well.

After the national election win of the Liberal National Coalition in March 1996, Australia experienced more than ten years of contentious public debate. Discussions about Australia's history and future raged with an intensity that both highlighted and problematized the very notion of
national identity. During this period, the television commercials for tea brand Bushells paralleled changes in Australia's political culture. In various ways, events of epochal significance, both in Australia and abroad, surfaced in the brand's promotions. These campaigns not only showed the
increasing difficulty of picturing Australianness; they also showed that, no matter how fragmented Australian culture became, there remained a lingering bias to certain images, ideals and values. As the Australian electorate became more insular, parochial and conservative, Bushells followed
suit. This article considers how Bushells drew symbolic markers from popular culture – the worlds of celebrity, sport, cinema and so on – in a bid to remain relevant, endearing and likeable. It therefore shows that, for a commodity as basic as tea, much can be gleaned about the
contemporary political mood through the vernacular rhetoric of television advertising.