Suchergebnisse

The policies formed by US leadership play a vital role in establishing US hegemony all over the world. The foreign policy of a state made according to the national interest. A rational decision of a leader plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the foreign policy. The challenges faced by Barack Obama in 2008 were somehow different from the challenges faced by Trump in 2016. The comparative analysis of both foreign policies would make it easy to determine the right and wrong decision taken by both leaders. The changing circumstances of the world would be identified through this research paper. The world is moving towards multipolarity, and somehow the decisions taken by Trump after his incumbent of office had the worst impact on US foreign policy because Trump was trying to isolate the US from world affairs, including trade and security.

School climate indicates three key dimensions of the school i.e. physical, academic and social climate. All three dimensions in the Pakistani school context were focused and examined. The key objectives of the study were to assess the Schools physical, social and academic climate and study its impact on students learning also to recommend remedial measures for improvement of school climate. Schools Principals were the population of the study selected through random sampling technique from Abbottabad, Charsadda, Kohat, Mardan, Nowshera, and Peshawar districts. The data was collected through questionnaires developed on five points Likert scale from the Principals and teachers. A total of 395 Secondary Schools schools were selected. Regression test used for data analysis. The study identified that school climate plays an important role in enhancing their achievement in academics. It proved that the school environment has a direct impact on the learning and teaching process.

The base of a successful university in providing quality education and practical knowledge for improving the lives of the youths in terms of social, economical and intellectual development are only possible through promoting research culture. Research conduct and writing is the most important tool for identifying remedial recommendations for education and related problems. This research presents comparative analysis of the research in Public and Private Universities in Pakistan. The research identifies current research practices, their strengths and weaknesses and provides recommendations for improvement. Research supervision and writing are two different parts but in reality these are parts of a single activity which is called thesis writing process. In Pakistan, research culture is considered very difficult and complicated activity because scholars do not accept challenges and the supervisors do not take the required interest. The study highlights the areas where scholars and supervisors need improvement, more struggle, and scientific as well as academic zest.

This study was undertaken to examine the role of Teachers' Associations as the protector of teachers' rights. The study is based mainly on the interviews of education experts, researchers and experienced associations' leaders. The researcher therefore intended to highlight a very important and positive role played by teachers' associations. These associations are blamed for the present faulty education system and for the lack of co-ordination among various agents of education. Associations and their active leaders at secondary school level in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were chosen as the population of the study. Interviews were conducted with union leaders for the collection of useful data. The core finding of this study suggests that most of teachers' associations are the protector of teachers' rights. They solve the problems of teachers. However, they generally support their own members during transfer, promotion and on other occasions of benefits.

This study attempted to compare the management practices in public and private universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. The comparison is based on availability of written rules and regulations, distribution of tasks, availability of managers, access to officers, time management, work load, staff promotion procedure and appraisal system. Additionally, the comparison is also based on transparency, political intervention, use of authorities, nepotism and biasness, human resource availability and functions, academic decisions, existence of different decision making bodies, committees and their role in policy making and implementation and management styles. The population comprised all recognized universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa and a convenience sampling of six universities included three from public and three from private sector. The findings showed that both sector universities had the required offices, staff members and managers. The areas where private universities were observed weak as compared to public universities were lack of proper staff vacancy advertisements and induction policies, vague appraisal system, low salary packages and limited freedom to managers. Public universities were found unsatisfactory in areas including staff induction on merit based policies and political intervention, lack of monitoring system and lack of collegiality amongst university offices. The study recommends that universities in both sectors should prepare staff and student manuals for transparency procedures, should improve the skills and knowledge of its staff/managers by conducting seminars/ workshops/ trainings in collaboration with HEC and other regulatory bodies on regular basis, and establish public private partnership to improve university management system in Pakistan.

Conventionally, the Chinese fiscal and revenue collection system has been highly centralized with almost no-taxation power for local governments as well as control over their budget. Local governments have been bound to remit most of the taxes to central government who in turn transferred it back to them in accordance with their needs and requirements. In the year 1980, Fiscal Contracting System (FCS) was introduced to decentralize the fiscal scheme by adopting some features of Western Market-Economy. It proved economical because by administering the local affairs at local level weigh down the fiscal burden at part of the central government. The evaluation of the inter-regional fiscal system reflects that the FCS has brought substantial fiscal autonomy for sub-national governments which enabled them to expand their contribution towards national economic growth through remitting fix share to national exchequer. The whole tax system was categorized into three levels: central, regional, and joint central/regional level taxes while the inheriting principle of dual supervision has made local governments accountable to the higher levels. But contradiction between theory and practice of Chinese governance pertaining to intergovernmental fiscal relations is particularly posturing immense challenges for establishment of a transparent and equitable fiscal system.Â