Suchergebnisse

This study aims to identify the demographic characteristics of potato growers, investigate the marketing channels and value chain actors available in Hunza, Pakistan, and determine the significant production and marketing problems faced by potato growers in the area. Primary data collected from potato growers in Hunza using a multistage sampling technique and a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of potato growers, and the marketing channels of the potato value chain were studied using supply linkage. A simple linear regression model was used to identify the significant variables affecting potato yields. The regression model showed that variables such as sex of household head, family size, education status, distance to the market, farming experience, potato farm size, off/non-farm income, and quantity of potato supplied to the market significantly affected potato yields. The study also identified constraints and opportunities for potato growers.

ABSTRACTSelf‐inflicted injury to oral mucosa is a rare entity. These injuries can be premeditated, accidental, or can result from an abnormal habit. These uncommon gingival injuries can sometimes test the clinician's diagnostic abilities as well as treatment planning skills. In conventional treatment, removal of etiology and application of topical drugs is usually sufficient for healing. However, some cases require alternative or adjunctive wound healing methods. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to be effective in pain management and improvement in wound healing through promotion, fortification, and commissioning of cellular cycle to generate productive and substitute cells. This report presents a case of 25‐year‐old female with complaints of a painful, nonhealing wound on the palate for last 6 months. She had an unusual habit of keeping burning matchsticks in her mouth. Although she had quit the habit 2 months ago after psychiatric counseling, the wound on her palate did not show any improvement in symptoms. Based on the history and clinical findings, diagnosis of chronic wound by self‐inflicted thermal injury was made. LLLT was administered on the wound every 48 hours for next 10 days. The burn wound healed completely after five applications of LLLT.

El uso de Cordyceps militaris se ha convertido en piedra angular para el combate de numerosos problemas de salud, identificándose que su empleo produce numerosos efectos terapéuticos de amplio alcance. El presente estudio se centra en los efectos que las condiciones de fermentación de este hongo, entre ellas, el pH, la temperatura y el tiempo de incubación, así como la fermentación en estado sólido (FES) a base de sustratos sólidos (trigo, avena y arroz), tienen sobre la producción de cordicepina. Se constató que tanto la temperatura, como el pH y el tiempo de incubación tienen un efecto directo sobre la producción de cordicepina. Se comprobó que la mejor combinación posible para generar máxima producción de cordicepina es aquella que reúne 25°C de temperatura, pH de 5,5 y 21 días de tiempo de incubación. Por otra parte, se constató que la FES en medios de cultivo a base de sustratos sólidos tuvo como resultado la producción de cordicepina, evidenciándose que el medio de arroz generó la producción de cordicepina más elevada (814,60 mg/g), seguido por los medios de avena y trigo (638,85 y 565,20 mg/g, respectivamente). Por lo que, este método resultó una manera eficaz de elevar la producción de cordicepina a gran escala. El estudio puede tener una amplia aplicación en otros procesos de fermentación a nivel industrial. ; Cordyceps militaris has been a keystone in combating myriad health problems with innumerable far-reaching therapeutic effects. The present study focuses on effect of fermentation conditions such as (pH, temperature and incubation time) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using solid substrates (wheat, oat and rice) on production of cordycepin. Temperature, pH and incubation time was found to have a direct effect on cordycepin production. The best possible combination of temperature, pH and incubation time was found to be 25°C, 5.5 and 21 days, respectively, for maximum cordycepin production. SSF of solid substrate medium culture leads to the production of cordycepin. Among the solid substrates, rice medium had highest cordycepin production (814.60 mg/g) followed by oat and wheat medium (638.85 and 565.20 mg/g, respectively). This method provides an effective way for increasing the cordycepin production at a large scale. This study could have a wide application in other fermentation processes at industrial level.

With the recent wave of progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has come a growing awareness of the large-scale impacts of AI systems, and recognition that existing regulations and norms in industry and academia are insufficient to ensure responsible AI development. In order for AI developers to earn trust from system users, customers, civil society, governments, and other stakeholders that they are building AI responsibly, they will need to make verifiable claims to which they can be held accountable. Those outside of a given organization also need effective means of scrutinizing such claims. This report suggests various steps that different stakeholders can take to improve the verifiability of claims made about AI systems and their associated development processes, with a focus on providing evidence about the safety, security, fairness, and privacy protection of AI systems. We analyze ten mechanisms for this purpose--spanning institutions, software, and hardware--and make recommendations aimed at implementing, exploring, or improving those mechanisms.