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This paper presents the effects of three major parameters; temperature, relative humidity and hygroscopic salts contaminants on the atmospheric corrosion of large steel structures. The effects of these three parameters have been analysed by using micro-sized LPR sensors to continuously monitor the corrosion rate of a degrading large structure under varying parameters. A long term, three years study was performed by deploying LPRs on strategically selected large military vehicles (main battlefield tanks), which are stationed in the Tank Museum at Bovington, UK. These vehicles are operational and are of historic significance with cultural biography, however structural deterioration through corrosion, corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion cracking and mechanical failures are a threat to these vehicles in terms of their conservation. A set of vehicles operational (uncontrolled environment) and non-operational (controlled environment) was selected for comparative analysis in context of corrosion rate. This research is founded on a novel real-time corrosion monitoring technique that enables to better understand the relationship between varying environmental parameters and corrosion rate of large steel-based mobile structures during operation. This research provides a synthesis of real time corrosion data, which has been accumulated over a period of three years. An overview of structural deterioration is presented and derived from a significantly large data, therefore it provides a more reliable and highly accurate assessment of failures due to corrosion.

This research presents time-dependent corrosion analysis of automotive steel utilised in a large military vehicle in real operating environment, followed by simulated environmental tests and simplistic surface corrosion modelling. Time-dependent surface corrosion accumulated on this specific component was observed to be approximately 250 µm thick, with the identification of surface contaminants such as chlorine and sulphur. Simulated environmental tests considering temperature and relative humidity variations were performed to evaluate quantitative corrosion damage to the structure of the vehicle. The relationship of various temperatures and relative humidity with respect to time, within the context of corrosion initiation and propagation, has been presented. A mathematical model to incorporate corrosion accumulation on the surfaces derived from the simulated environmental tests is presented.

PurposeThis study aims to explore the impact of monetary policy on bank lending rate with the moderating effects of financial sector development for eight Asian developing economics.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses panel autoregressive distributed lag/pooled mean group estimation over the period ranging from 1980 to 2020.FindingsThe empirical results exhibit an inverse link between monetary policy measured by broad money supply on the bank lending rate, indicating that the increase in the money supply by the central bank lowers the demand for loans and thereby lowers the cost of loan. Moreover, financial sector development decreases the lending rate and thus lowers cost of loan. It is also noted that the interactive term of monetary policy by lending broad money supply and financial sector development showed a positive impact on the lending rate in selected Asian developing countries during the period under the study.Practical implicationsThe outcomes have many relevant policy implications that stronger financial development sector contributes to the efficiency of monetary policy. Regulators and policymakers are therefore recommended to pursue greater financial sector development to lower the cost for fund searchers and to lower the cost of loans, money supply increase is suggested.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the extant literature on the factors affecting lending rate with the prime aims of monetary policy effectiveness. This study also included financial sector development with some other variables and an interactive term of monetary policy with financial development to have new insight impact of both on the lending rate in developing Asian economies.

The objective of this article is to present the research impact, significance and reach made for British military heritage. An effective knowledge exchange model is being developed in terms of substantial contribution to the identification, measurement, analysis, prediction and condition-monitoring of structural failures within military tanks with enormous societal and economic impact. This is the first evidence-based research carried out in this field and is directly linked to the development of a new conservation facility, further research and grants.

The ambiguous nature of meteorological parameters in uncontrolled environmental conditions makes it difficult to determine the structural integrity of stationary and mobile assets. The weather conditions for large vehicles, at The Tank Museum at Bovington United Kingdom, which are operating under controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions are investigated through weather history and corrosion monitoring techniques applied to large military vehicles by using linear polarisation resistance method. Corrosion reactions were found on several occasions during the operation of large vehicle within uncontrolled environment due to critical level of metrological parameters including salinity, relative humidity and rainfall. Comprehensive solutions have been proposed to detect damage initiation at the earliest possible stage to prompt maintenance professionals to take necessary actions to avoid damage. Early detection techniques will help to prolong the service life of large vehicles or metal structures which are operating or installed remotely. The analysis of diffusion of salt particles into coating during summer and winter season is also presented by estimating the salt concentration by taking linear relationship between wind speed and salt deposition rate based on ISO classification of airborne salinity. The proposed solutions can be applied to valuable assets operating in both non- coastal and coastal regions, near the sea, to predict and estimate the damage.