THIS ESSAY EXAMINES THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ITS TRANSNATIONAL SETTING IN THE CONTEXT OF FOUR FACTORS: ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DOMINATION OF THE WORLD BY THE RICH NATIONS, POPULATION EXPLOSION, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PHYSICAL EXPLOITATION AND RESOURCE DEPLETION. DEVELOPMENT GOALS MUST BE REFORMULATED, EMPHASIZING STABLE, SELF-RELIANT HUMAN SCALE COMMUNITIES.
THE DILEMMA OF RELATIVELY OPEN DEVELOPING POLITICAL SYSTEMS LIKE THAT OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA IS THAT THEY ARE CALLED UPON TO UNDERTAKE FUNCTIONS THAT EVEN DEVELOPED POLITICAL SYSTEMS ARE HESISTANT TO UNDERTAKE, WHILE LACKING THE LATTERS RESOURCES. IN THE PNG THERE IS THE ADDITIONAL FEAR OF CENTRIFUGAL TENDENCIES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF NATIONAL DISINTEGRATION. IT HAS SET A COURSE OF MODERNIZATION.
Der Verfasser schlägt mit seiner geopolitischen Studie einen Bogen von der Gründung des afghanischen Staates durch Ahmad Shah Abdali im Jahr 1747 bis zur zukünftigen Rolle Afghanistans in der Welt. Er skizziert geographische Bedingungen, demographische Struktur und nationale Identität in Afghanistan und beschreibt die Situation des Landes als Schauplatz imperialistischer Rivalitäten zwischen Rußland und Großbritannien Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Es schließt sich eine Darstellung der Geschichte des Landes nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, in der Ära des Kalten Krieges sowie während des nach dem Abzug der sowjetischen Truppen ausbrechenden Bürgerkriegs an. Spielte Afghanistan für den größten Teil seiner Geschichte die Rolle eines Pufferstaates, so hat nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges die geopolitische Bedeutung des Landes als Verbindungsglied zwischen Zentralasien, Südasien und dem Nahen Osten noch zugenommen. (BIOst-Wpt)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aldehydes in two industrial sectors; biomass combustion and pulp and paper industry. Aldehydes are formed as unwanted intermediate compounds during biomass combustion, however in pulp and paper industry formaldehyde could be an important end product when treating the waste gas streams. Biomass fuels are the major renewable energy sources used in industries due to their environmental benefits. Emissions from biomass combustion depend on the composition of fuel and combustion conditions. In this work, emissions from the combustion of various solid biomass fuels in industrial scale boilers have been studied by a literature survey. It was observed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the predominant intermediate compounds formed during biomass combustion. European Union directives 1999/30/EC and 2008/50/EC provide limiting values for the emissions from biomass boilers to protect human health. Aldehydes are unregulated pollutants that are toxic in nature and can cause adverse effects to human health and the environment. Black liquor is formed in pulp and paper industry during wood processing. Black liquor contains organic matter which can be used as an important biomass fuel in the recovery boiler. Pulping and bleaching processes of a pulp mill release hazardous compounds like methanol and methyl mercaptan. These compounds are commonly treated by incineration in a boiler. Incineration converts the waste stream to carbon dioxide and water thus increasing the greenhouse gases. Currently research is in progress to develop alternative ways for utilizing methanol containing waste gas streams, by converting them to other valuable compounds. In this regard catalytic oxidation has become a very promising technology. This is an environmentally friendly way to treat these emissions and in addition it has a positive economic impact on the pulp mill. This route is in experimental level and needs further research for its application in industrial scale. Formaldehyde is a very useful compound as it can be further utilized in a number of industries for the production of other compounds.
Background: Health Care Workers (HCWs) of all levels and groups are involved in caring for patients and evidence indicates that they are particularly at risk of acquiring Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, due to repeated occupational exposure. Methodology: This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in Government Medical College (GMC), Jammu. Data was collected in a pre-structured questionnaire. Results: Prevalence in HCWs was 21.5% and mortality being 0.3%. 82% were symptomatic. Fatigue was the commonest symptom observed. 290(68%) were doctors and 140(32%) were paramedical staff. Conclusion: This data on prevalence of infection in HCWs can help to plan policies on how to prevent our HCWs and how to use this overstrained health resource in the present difficult times.
