Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this article is to analyze the gender differences in employment and income in China's labor market. Using data from the China Household Income Project (CHIP), this paper identifies the roles of human capital, political capital and other individual characteristics in explaining gender gaps in China's labor market. The data shows that women are lagging behind men in measures of human capital, especially work experience and political capital. After controlling for a set of individual characteristics, this paper finds that the gender gap in employment and income still exists. Closing the gender gap in China's labor market requires 'enlightened government policies which take gender dimensions into account' (OECD 2008) on all fronts. Adapted from the source document.

This edited volume showcases work from the emerging field of design-based research (DBR) within social studies education and explores the unique challenges and opportunities that arise when applying the approach in classrooms. Usually associated with STEM fields, DBR's unique ability to generate practical theories of learning and to engineer theory-driven improvements to practice holds meaningful potential for the social studies. Each chapter describes a different DBR study, exploring the affordances and dilemmas of the approach. Chapters cover such topics as iterative design, using and producing theory, collaborating with educators, and the ways that DBR attends to historical, political, and social context

Heavy rainfall occurs over the Korean peninsula mainly because of typhoons and a localized heavy rainfall, leading to severe flooding and landslide risk. KMA (Korean Meteorological Administration) has the criteria for issuing a Heavy Rain Advisory (HRA) over the peninsula even though each region or local government has different conditions in capability of disaster prevention (CDP) and different characteristics in rainfall and heavy rain damage. Therefore, the aim of this study is to suggest the methodology for the determination of Heavy rain Damage-Triggering Rainfall Criteria (HD-TRC) that HRA can be issued in each region. The study regions are local governments in Gyeonggi-province, Seoul-city, and Incheon-city in Korea. HD-TRC can be determined based on rainfall and heavy rain damage data. The data from 2005 to 2018 are collected and then the data for flood or rainy season from June to September are extracted. The rainfall data is provided in KMA and heavy rain damage data during disaster periods (DPs) can be obtained from the statistical yearbook of natural disaster (SYND) published by MOIS (Minstry of Interior and Safety) every year. Training set of 2005 to 2014 is used for obtaining HD-TRC and test set of 2015 to 2018 is used for evaluating three criteria of HD-TRC, Advanced HD-TRC, and HRA. Analysis for determining the best criteria is performed through data mining processes as follows: (1) Maximum rainfalls in durations of 1 to 24-hr ( X 1 ) and antecedent rainfalls of 1 to 7-day ( X 2 ) are obtained and used as independent variables. Heavy rain damage data are divided into damage day (1) and no damage day (0) used as dependent variables ( Y ). Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed and PCs (principal components) are obtained as PC.X 1 and PC.X 2 for independent variables. Then Risk Index (RI) is defined as PC.X 1 + PC.X 2 and RIs become the candidates for HD-TRC. The predicted damage ( Ŷ ) is obtained based on RIs and confusion matrix is constructed then the best HD-TRC is determined through the evaluation of classification performance. (2) However, 'abnormal days' (ADs) in a DP that the damage is occurred exists. The ADs mean the days which we do not have rainfall or have small rainfall amount during DP. Say, ADs have too small rainfall to damage even during DP. The ADs are defined as days below rainfall of 20 mm and 5 cases of ADs are also defined as 0, 0–5, 0–10, 0–15, and 0–20 mm in this study. We count total days in all the DPs and in ADs for a case. The ratio of ADs to total days during DPs could be the occurrence probability or prior probability (PP) of ADs for a case and 5 PPs are obtained. Also, the average AD for each case can be obtained and defined as risk range (RR). Then we define Advanced HD-TRC using MCS (Monte Carlo Simulation) linked with PP, RR, and from HD-TRC for each case. Therefore, HD-TRC is determined based on RI and Advanced HD-TRC for each case based on PP and RR. Finally, three criteria of HD-TRC, Advanced HD-TRC, and HRA are compared based on performance evaluation by test set. As a result, Advanced HD-TRC shows the best performance and so the suggested methodology can be used for regional heavy rain damage warning information.

Work overload is often inevitable in the workplace and is known to have a negative impact on employees' attitudes and behaviors. In this study we explored the mechanism through which work overload is negatively related to employees' affective commitment and how the negative effect of work overload could be mitigated. Using data obtained from 269 employees in South Korea, our results show that positive psychological capital and work engagement serially mediated the negative relationship between work overload and affective commitment. In addition, the negative relationship between work overload and affective commitment was moderated by the extent to which an employee experienced compassion at work. Our findings extend knowledge of how work overload is associated with employees' affective commitment and shed light on the importance of helping employees experience compassion at work to alleviate the negative impacts of work overload. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This study empirically examined the effect of the perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on job satisfaction, as mediated by compassion and positive emotions toward work. Data were collected from 232 employees working in manufacturing, financial, telecommunications, transportation, and service industries in South Korea. The results confirm that (a) there were positive relationships between the perception of CSR activities and compassion, and between compassion and job satisfaction; (b) there were positive relationships between positive emotions toward work and job satisfaction, and between the perception of CSR activities and job satisfaction; and (c) there was a serial multiple mediation effect of compassion and positive emotions toward work on the pathway from the perception of CSR activities to job satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.