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This article investigates and defines the essential variables in the historical peace processes in Northern Ireland and Korea and sets essential preconditions for future peace negotiations on the Korean Peninsula. To do so, we conduct a rigorous examination of all Northern Irish agreements to indicate why past Korean peace processes have failed and to offer alternative policy suggestions. Crucial ingredients for a successful peace process are the structure of each negotiation framework, the inclusion of and concessions by key actors in each negotiation, the respect of core interests of each party, and tangible reduction of tensions. (Asian Perspect/GIGA)

Children have previously been shown to redirect their attention actively away from Sesame Street segments rendered less comprehensible by either random ordering of scenes or alterations of the audio track (Greek or backward speech). In this study, the visual attention of 60 children, ages 3.5, 5, and 6.5, was tracked for smaller time units and showed an early (though not immediate) increase in attention to random segments, suggesting an attempt to deal with difficult but seemingly accessible content. Attention to segments with incomprehensible language decreased quickly and stayed low for all ages. Analyses of lengths of individual looks at television replicated the attentional inertia phenomenon, but with noteworthy differences between the three types of segments, and especially for looks at the television during latter parts of segments. The findings are interpreted in terms of Huston and Wright's sampling model of attention. Surprisingly, there was little evidence of developmental changes in these results.

Collection of five articles on the changing international scene and its implications for the Pacific-Asian region and North and South Korea, the influence of the American Constitution upon the South Korean constitutions, the divergence in Korean and German unification dynamics, the rise and fall of the Democratic Republican Party of South Korea and comparison of the political systems of South Korea and Mexico and the New World Order and its impact on the stability of municipal budgetary priorities in South Korea. (DÜI-Sen)

Overview and policy implications. Ahn Chung-Si: South Korea's relationship with Central Europe and CIS countries. Going beyond the primacy of economy. - S. 3-24. Pt. 1: Economic relationship. Jeong Yeo-Cheon: Recent developments and issues of Korea's economic relations with Central and Eastern European countries. - S. 25-38. Kim Yong-ho: Status and problems of Korean enterprises advancing into Central and Eastern Europe. - S. 39-60. Pt. 2: Koreans and Korean images. Toschenko, Z.: Korean diaspora in Russia. Problems of development. - S. 61-68. Isaev, K.: Social and economic problems of the Korean population in Kyrgyzstan. - S. 69-72. Jasinska-Kania, A.: National stereotypes and economic cooperation. Images of Koreans in Poland. - S. 73-84. Böhm, A.: The image of South Korea in Hungary. - S. 85-92. Pt. 3: Economic opportunities for South Korea. Iskra, T.: Legal conditions for business opportunities in Poland. - S. 93-113. Ostrowski, K.: Business opportunities for Korea in Poland. - S. 114-123. Ecobescu, N.: Economic opportunities for Korea in Romania. - S. 146-169. Pogosian, G.: Prospects for Korean business in Armenia. - S. 170-189. Grischenko, J.: Korean business in Belarus. Reality and perspective. - S. 190-196. Boukhalov, A.: Current developments in the economy of the Ukraine. - S. 197-208. Matulionis, A.: Investment opportunities in the Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. - S. 209-248. Future directions. Teune, H.: Encounters after isolation. - S. 249-256

BACKGROUND: Open burning of anthropogenic sources can release hazardous emissions and has been associated with increased prevalence of cardiopulmonary health outcomes. Exposure to smoke emitted from burn pits in military bases has been linked with respiratory illness among military and civilian personnel returning from war zones. Although the composition of the materials being burned is well studied, the resulting chemistry and potential toxicity of the emissions are not. METHODS: Smoke emission condensates from either flaming or smoldering combustion of five different types of burn pit-related waste: cardboard; plywood; plastic; mixture; and mixture/diesel, were obtained from a laboratory-scale furnace coupled to a multistage cryotrap system. The primary emissions and smoke condensates were analyzed for a standardized suite of chemical species, and the condensates were studied for pulmonary toxicity in female CD-1 mice and mutagenic activity in Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay using the frameshift strain TA98 and the base-substitution strain TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9 from rat liver). RESULTS: Most of the particles in the smoke emitted from flaming and smoldering combustion were less than 2.5 µm in diameter. Burning of plastic containing wastes (plastic, mixture, or mixture/diesel) emitted larger amounts of particulate matter (PM) compared to other types of waste. On an equal mass basis, the smoke PM from flaming combustion of plastic containing wastes caused more inflammation and lung injury and was more mutagenic than other samples, and the biological responses were associated with elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adverse health effects of burn pit smoke exposure vary depending on waste type and combustion temperature; however, burning plastic at high temperature was the most significant contributor to the toxicity outcomes. These findings will provide a better understanding of the complex chemical and combustion temperature ...