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"This book examines the relationship between organizational culture and ethical practices among NGOs in Kenya. It highlights the need for greater oversight and anti-corruption policies to better control corrupt practices from within and avoid adverse implications and financial effects due to a lack of accountability and unethical behaviors"--

Africa's Social Cleavages and Democratization explains the variation in the occurrence and intensity of African ethnic and religious conflicts. Using the most current data, Kimemia argues that social cleavages have led to polarized party systems and political competition, adversely affecting democracy.

The number of conflicts and deaths in Africa is rooted in the complex constructions and conjectures of Africa's political economies, weak institutions, social identities, and cultural ecologies, as configured by specific local, national, regional, and historical experiences. Using real-time data of violent and nonviolent events in Africa, this paper analyzes the most significant indicators. The paper finds that Gross Domestic Product, corruption, state legitimacy, ethnic fractionalization, political effectiveness, and polity are significant in modeling the likelihood of political instability. The paper concludes that African countries require reconfiguration of the public and social institutions without ignoring the human factor that accelerate polarization and aggravation. Any marginalized groups should feel economically empowered and in control of their resources. The existential benefit of strong political institutions cannot be underrated as a way to ensure smooth power transition and curb of greed, which is a motivator.

Corruption decreases government efficiency and effectiveness, and influences the way citizens perceive the overall quality of the government. The main focus of this paper is to examine why perceptions of public corruption did not change during the Kibaki administration. This administration was in power for 10 years (2003-2013), and invested significant resources in setting up a legislative framework and an anti-corruption agency. Yet, according to the analysis of the Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) reports from 2003 to 2012, there was no change in the public's perception of corruption and of government effort against corruption. Despite anticorruption agency efforts, optimism dropped, while pessimism increased. To bridge this gap requires political commitment, which is demonstrated by charging all corrupt public officials and recovering any public funds and assets that have been stolen.

Promoting the participation of the citizenry is the cornerstone of socially inclusive governance. Public participation ensures that citizens are heard and can actively participate in the decision that impacts their needs. Besides increasing efficiency, this increased transparency brought about by the universal use and access of ICT has inadvertently led to a reduction in corruption. In 2022, each county has set up a website with different information with varying usefulness and timelessness. Some of the websites are well functioning and organized, while others only have basic information. There's room for more improvements to enhance public participation and E-services.