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This article examines The Gambia's campaign from 1977-83 for a new international mechanism to protect human rights in the Commonwealth of Nations. President Dawda Jawara's crusade for a Commonwealth Human Rights Commission complicates the dominant scholarly interpretation of human rights history, which tends to dismiss or overlook African participation in the international human rights movement. The article explains The Gambia's display of human rights idealism as a strategy to attract aid and legitimacy in the global arena. It also shows how The Gambia's project was thwarted by the 'Old Commonwealth', including the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Western member states worked together to surreptitiously weaken and defeat The Gambia's initiative, while deflecting blame and counting on 'New Commonwealth' governments in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific to play the role of antagonist. Overall, the article contends the Commonwealth Human Rights Commission was killed because it threatened illusions and assumptions about the human rights movement that were convenient for western powers. With the use of archival sources from the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, this article spotlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of African and Global South actors in human rights history.

This article considers the intellectual development of the historian and jurist F. W. Maitland (1850–1906). Its focus is the development of his ideas about the importance of intermediate groups between the individual and the state. Maitland expounded these ideas in a dazzling series of late essays which became the wellspring of the tradition known as "political pluralism." Yet, as this article shows, the same ideas also played a crucial role in Maitland's great works of legal and historical scholarship, includingThe History of English Law. If this is appreciated, then the liberal, Germanist and constitutionalist basis of Maitland's thought becomes clear. So too does Maitland's position as a "new" liberal thinker, committed to freedom and constitutionalism, but critical of individualism and parliamentary sovereignty. In short, it is only if Maitland's political essays are read alongside his works of history and law that either can really be understood.

This study addresses two questions: Is stepfamily formation associated with the likelihood that adolescents will initiate alcohol use, and if so, does this association differ by the type of single-parent families from which adolescents move or the type of stepfamilies to which they move? The author found that adolescents who moved to stepfamilies from single-parent families had an elevated risk of initiating alcohol use. A transition from a divorced single-parent family to a stepfamily is associated with an increase in alcohol initiation among boys, but a transition from an unwed single-parent family to a stepfamily is not. In contrast, girls who transition from an unwed single-parent family to a stepfamily show an elevated likelihood of initiating alcohol use, whereas those who transition from divorced single-parent families do not. Adolescents who move to cohabiting stepfamilies do not respond differently than do adolescents who move to married stepfamilies regardless of gender.

Richard Pratt was one of Australia's most successful, formidable and charismatic businessmen. Yet for all this he was unfailingly human, his life playing out like a drama even after the final act. Self-made billionaire, family man, generous philanthropist, patron of the arts and Carlton Football Club saviour were just a few of Pratt's many guises, and in this compelling biography the truth behind the headlines is revealed. The twists and turns of Pratt's life are chronicled with candour -- from humble beginnings in Poland to the heights of global business success tainted by the hum

Although a relatively small number of cases turned upon constitutional questions during the survey period, some important decisions were handed down in this area. In five separate decisions legislation was declared unconstitutional. The impact of the constitutional decisions varies from the right to millions of dollars in school funds in Shelby County and the salary of the clerk of General Sessions Court of Clay County to approval of permanent tenure for all franchised automobile dealers in the state. The scope of governmental power over the administration of estates, condemnation of private property and the pursuit of private businesses brought forth important and far-reaching judicial pronouncements. Two cases are witness to the diminishing concern for protection of contractual rights as such from legislative infringement. Although most decisions dealt with constitutional limitations on legislative power over business, private property and governmental functions, in one decision the fundamental procedural rights of one accused of crime were upheld in order to free him.

Eminent Domain--Just Compensation.-Landowners sued the Tennessee Commissioner of Highways and Public Works for compensation for a taking of property for the state's superhighway program in Brooksbank v. Leech. The trial court sustained a demurrer on the ground that the suit was barred by sovereign immunity. In order to dispose of this question on appeal the supreme court first determined whether the legislature had provided an adequate statutory method for just compensation, the absence of which would have rendered the taking unconstitutional under both article I, section 21, of the Constitution of Tennessee and the due process clause of the United States Constitution. The court held that the landowners' remedy was by suit against the county where the taking occurred.

Any survey of a state's decisional law in the labor field should include some reference to the jurisdiction of its courts over labor controversies. There would be no separate body of substantive labor law but for the intervention of Congress into employment relations affecting interstate commerce with comprehensive legislation designed to strengthen the worker in his collective capacity.' The administration of this legislation by the National Labor Relations Board provides the great majority of case law governing the employment relationship. However, that residue which may be regulated exclusively or concurrently by the states is an important one, as evidenced by the number of states which have enacted their own labor relations acts.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables is a powerful tool for social and behavioral scientists, combining many of the strengths of psychometrics and econometrics into a single framework. The most common estimator for SEM is the full-information maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, but there is continuing interest in limited information estimators because of their distributional robustness and their greater resistance to structural specification errors. However, the literature discussing model fit for limited information estimators for latent variable models is sparse compared with that for full-information estimators. We address this shortcoming by providing several specification tests basedon the 2SLS estimator for latent variable structural equation models developed by Bollen (1996). We explain how these tests can be used not only to identify a misspecified model but to help diagnose the source of misspecification within a model. We present and discuss results from a Monte Carlo experiment designed to evaluate the finite sample properties of these tests. Our findings suggest that the 2SLS tests successfully identify most misspecified models, even those with modest misspecification, and that they provide researchers with information that can help diagnose the source of misspecification.

Since 1970, both the number and proportion of children being parented by a grandparent without the help of a parent has increased substantially. The increase in skipped-generation households has generated much concern from policy makers because such households are, on average, disadvantaged compared with most other household types. One important challenge facing grandparents with parenting responsibilities is securing health insurance for their dependent grandchildren. In this study, the authors investigate the extent to which grandparents raising their grandchildren were able to secure health insurance for their dependent grandchildren. They find that adolescents living in skipped-generation families in 1995 were more often uninsured, more often publicly insured, and less often privately insured compared with adolescents in other family types. Even after controlling for income, work status, and education, adolescents in skipped-generation families were still more likely to have public insurance and less likely to have private insurance compared with other adolescents.

AbstractChildren demonstrate a pervasive in‐group bias, preferring their in‐group across a range of contexts that encompass measures of liking, imitation, and, in some cases, resource allocation. A growing number of studies have begun to explore whether antisocial in‐group behavior reduces the robustness of this bias. However, these studies have focused on transgression evaluations, with only two studies focusing on social learning and none explicitly on imitation. This, therefore, limits the extent to which children's responses to interaction between in‐group bias and antisocial behavior can be fully understood. The current research expands on the prevailing literature, utilizing imitation as a behavioral measure to explore the reactions of children aged 4–5 and 7–8 years in response to antisocial in‐group behavior. Consistent with previous literature, antisocial in‐group behavior reduced in‐group liking ratings. Surprisingly, however, children's behavioral imitation preferences were guided solely by group membership, disregarding prosocial or antisocial behavior. These results indicate that children's explicitly reported social preferences and imitative preferences may be motivated by two independent drives.