Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction: Why "Against Health"? -- Part I : What Is Health, Anyway? -- 2. What Is Health and How Do You Get It? -- 3 Risky Bigness: On Obesity, Eating, and the Ambiguity of "Health" -- 4 Against Global Health? Arbitrating Science, Non-Science, and Nonsense through Health -- Part II : Seeing Health through Morality -- 5 The Social Immorality of Health in the Gene Age: Race, Disability, and Inequality -- 6. Fat Panic and the New Morality -- 7 Against Breastfeeding (Sometimes) -- Part III : Making Health and Disease -- 8 Pharmaceutical Propaganda -- 9 The Strangely Passive-Aggressive History of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder -- 10 Obsession: Against Mental Health -- 11 Atomic Health, or How The Bomb Altered American Notions of Death -- Part IV : Pleasure and Pain after Health -- 12 How Much Sex Is Healthy? The Pleasures of Asexuality -- 13 Be Prepared -- 14 In the Name of Pain -- 15 Conclusion: What Next? -- About the Contributors -- Index

Abstract

Aims
The microbiome is a critical factor in health throughout human development. The aims of this scoping review are to (i) elucidate the differences between the youth (post-natal day 21–65 for rodents, 2–7 years for non-human primates, and 10–25 years for humans) microbiome with other life stages and (ii) identify youth-specific microbial changes associated with substance use.


Methods
Peer-reviewed studies published up to May 2023 were identified in PubMed and SCOPUS and included gut and oral microbiome studies from rodents, non-human primates, and humans (N = 1733). Twenty-six articles were determined eligible based on inclusion criteria (aim 1: n = 19, aim 2: n = 7).


Results
The adolescent and young adult oral and gut microbiomes are distinct compared to other life stages, within both non-human and human models. While there is limited research in this area, the microbiome appears to be vulnerable to substance use exposure earlier in life, including substances commonly initiated and escalated during adolescence and young adulthood (i.e. alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco).


Conclusions
Studies across the lifespan indicate that adolescence and young adulthood are distinct periods of development, where the microbiome is sensitive to exposures, including substance use. There is a need for more studies focused on the adolescent and young adult microbiome and substance use, as well as focused on the oral microbiome during this developmental period. Understanding the gut and oral microbiome during adolescence and young adulthood may provide insight into the pathophysiology of substance use disorders.