Suchergebnisse

Puropse. Participation in mountain tourism can be undertaken in various ways. A wide range of possibilities offered by mountain areas results in preferred forms of movement having changed over the years. Mountain tourism also depends on the season of the year, because weather conditions are conducive to skiing or cycling, climbing or hiking, strong stream currents associated with large rivers, allows for participation in canoeing or rafting. The geographical location of the West Pomeranian Voivodship is not a factor conducive to short-term trips to mountain towns, hence the attempt understand the interest in mountain tourism for those living there. The presented work attempts to find an answer to the question as to how the participation of the inhabitants of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in various forms of mountain tourism, has changed over the years? Two research hypotheses regarding the factors differentiating the decision to rest in the mountains were formulated. The research carried out among students of West Pomeranian schools, students of universities in Szczecin and adults, allowed for the comparison and analysis of preferences regarding the choice of forms of physical activity undertaken in mountain areas. Methods. In empirical research using a questionnaire, opinions were collected among 3,224 people of different ages living in large and small towns and in the villages of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Based on the analysis of documents, information on organising trips in advance was obtained. Findings. Research has shown that students are the most numerous group taking part in mountain tourism. A small percentage of respondents take family trips to the mountains. There was also a decreasing interest of West Pomeranian educational institutions in mountain areas as a place for organised travel. Research and conclusions limitations. Empirical research covered the residents of only one province. Practical implications. Diagnostic tests. Paying attention to the insignificant role of mountain tourism in the school educational process as preparation for lifelong physical activity Originality. Studies on similar subjects in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship have not been conducted. Type of paper. Empirical research.

AbstractAmbient air pollution remains the major environmental cause of disease. Accurate assessment of population exposure and small-scale spatial exposure variations over long time periods is essential for epidemiological studies. We estimated annual exposure to fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2) with high spatial resolution to examine time trends 2000‒2018, compliance with the WHO Air Quality Guidelines, and assess the health impact. The modelling area covered six metropolitan areas in Sweden with a combined population of 5.5 million. Long-range transported air pollutants were modelled using a chemical transport model with bias correction, and locally emitted air pollutants using source-specific Gaussian-type dispersion models at resolutions up to 50 × 50 m. The modelled concentrations were validated using quality-controlled monitoring data. Lastly, we estimated the reduction in mortality associated with the decrease in population exposure. The validity of modelled air pollutant concentrations was good (R2 for PM2.5 0.84, PM10 0.61, and NOx 0.87). Air pollution exposure decreased substantially, from a population weighted mean exposure to PM2.5 of 12.2 µg m−3 in 2000 to 5.4 µg m−3 in 2018. We estimated that the decreased exposure was associated with a reduction of 2719 (95% CI 2046–3055) premature deaths annually. However, in 2018, 65%, 8%, and 42% of residents in the modelled areas were still exposed to PM2.5, PM10, or NO2 levels, respectively, that exceeded the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines for annual average exposure. This emphasises the potential public health benefits of reductions in air pollution emissions.