Suchergebnisse

REFLECTING ON STALINISM. FOR TEACHER OF HISTORY

On the basis of historiography, a comparative socio -psychological review of political biographies and personal characteristics of Stalin and Kirov is carried out. A number of new sources were used: the correspondence of the Bolsheviks, the stenotech of Trotsky's counter-process, and journalistic investigations. The system of indirect various data presented in favor of the version of Stalin's participation in the organization of the murder of Kirov and qualitatively and quantitatively clearly outweighs the set of indirect arguments from the opposite point of view. The removal of Kirov was the initial stage of the forced rotation of the first generation of the Bolshevik political elite. The crime was a stain of Stalin, which eventually killed him mentally.

The article deals with the problem of new, non-military challenges for the US in Europe. Previously Washington saw the main regional risks in the military-political sphere. Now serious challenges are emerging in issues of trade, technological and information security. It also appears to lack initiative for regional development. To a large extent, the risks can be associated with the activities of the PRC. The study analyzes the American policy in specific areas (trade, 5G networks, energy exports, relations between allies). The main approaches that Washington can apply to protect its regional interests are as follows: attempts to put pressure on allies by introducing new tariffs and reducing cooperation in several areas; the desire of the US to provide an alternative to the projects of the PRC in the region; deliberate militarization of several topics by the US. But still, the universal instrument is the emphasis on shared values and the issue of human rights. The resolution of bilateral problems between the US and the EU will not fully deal with new risks. Trying to fend off the challenges emanating from the PRC, the US has to partially repeat and duplicate Beijing's policy, creating alternative infrastructure projects or trying to promote its LNG instead of Russian gas.

El artículo intenta aclarar la naturaleza de las características específicas de la adaptación del sistema político democrático a las condiciones tradicionalistas en el contexto de la investigación científica política comparada. Sobre la base de la experiencia histórica y política del imperio ruso, la Unión Soviética, la Federación de Rusia señaló que en Rusia y en algunos países de la CEI se ha formado una autoritaria-modernización de regímenes políticos presidenciales que la implementación de una misión poderosa y un estado fuerte puede contribuir a la aceleración de la ejecución de los programas de desarrollo. La definición propuesta de régimen político intrapolítico refleja el funcionamiento de configuraciones de poder más específicamente históricas dentro de los regímenes clásicos, generalmente de naturaleza autoritaria y presidencial en forma política y jurídica.

The article attempts to clarify the nature of the specific characteristics of the adaptation of the democratic political system to traditionalist conditions in the context of comparative political scientific research. Based on the historical and political experience of the Russian empire, the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation noted that in Russia and in some CIS countries an authoritarian-modernization of presidential political regimes has formed that the implementation of a powerful mission and a strong state can contribute to the acceleration of the execution of development programs. The proposed definition of intrapolitical political regime reflects the functioning of more specifically historical configurations of power within classical regimes, generally of an authoritarian and presidential nature in political and legal form. ; El artículo intenta aclarar la naturaleza de las características específicas de la adaptación del sistema político democrático a las condiciones tradicionalistas en el contexto de la investigación científica política comparada. Sobre la base de la experiencia histórica y política del imperio ruso, la Unión Soviética, la Federación de Rusia señaló que en Rusia y en algunos países de la CEI se ha formado una autoritaria-modernización de regímenes políticos presidenciales que la implementación de una misión poderosa y un estado fuerte puede contribuir a la aceleración de la ejecución de los programas de desarrollo. La definición propuesta de régimen político intrapolítico refleja el funcionamiento de configuraciones de poder más específicamente históricas dentro de los regímenes clásicos, generalmente de naturaleza autoritaria y presidencial en forma política y jurídica.