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In 2007, the province of Ontario effectively granted Toronto "charter-city status," handing the municipal government a new arsenal of tools it could use to raise additional revenue. Charter-city status has often been held up as a reasonable way to help satisfy municipal-financing demands without cities relying on property taxes and provincial transfers — something municipal politicians have been known to say they very much need. Since Toronto got its charter, however, the city has barely touched these tools. Free to impose municipal levies on bars, cars, land sales, parking lots, billboards and road tolls, the city has so far only implemented a tax on billboards and land transfers. It tried taxing vehicle registrations, but that tax was soon cancelled. Toronto is not unique in that it has been given special legislation to levy municipal taxes beyond traditional property taxes: There are nearly a dozen cities across Canada that now benefit from similar legislation. They have proven even less inclined to use additional revenue tools. Calgary and Edmonton signed a memorandum of understanding with the Alberta government to gain charter-city status; the process has gone no further than that. Most often, the reason Canada's so-called charter cities do not seize the apparent opportunity provided by this special legislation is that it typically does not provide them that many additional tools. Toronto is, in fact, exceptional in the range of taxes it can use. One possible reason that Canadian charters have been kept within rather confining bounds is that provinces tend to be reluctant to share their tax bases more than they already do through property tax sharing. But if Toronto is any guide, even having a wider scope of taxing powers does not mean a city will take advantage of them. It may be that local politicians relish the idea of new taxes in theory, but recoil at the political reaction the new taxes are sure to provoke. After all, former Toronto mayor Rob Ford's 2010 election was partly based on voters' annoyance over the city's personal-vehicle-registration and land-transfer taxes, and his vow to change them. That the city then eliminated the vehicle tax, but not the land-transfer tax, may have to do with the latter being borne considerably by future residents of the city, who are not yet voters. Given cities' growing funding responsibilities, it behooves them to find revenue-raising tools they are willing to use. Notwithstanding Toronto's experience, vehicles are inefficiently priced, occupying roads and parking with little incentive for drivers to ration their usage. Fuel taxes and taxes on vehicle registration can be easily tacked onto provincial taxes and transferred back to cities, and so can be efficient, fair, accountable and transparent. The technology for toll roads, meanwhile, is readily available, even if the political will is not, and an advantage of tolls is that they collect revenue from commuters who use the city's services, but live outside its boundaries. Similarly a municipal income tax, ideally charged on local businesses' payrolls, would raise revenue from everyone working in the city, even if they lived elsewhere. Of course, as Toronto's experience demonstrates, new taxes can be difficult to sell politically. The best remedy for this is to earmark taxes for specific spending priorities. This has the added benefit of facilitating long-term planning and preventing the abuse of funds. And raising funds locally, rather than relying on transfers, increases municipal accountability and efficiency, encouraging better fiscal discipline. The charter-city experiment has so far been discouraging, but it would certainly stand a better chance were provinces willing to grant more access to their tax base, and were municipal politicians more willing to defend their need to use it.

1. Local Public Finance and Economics – Theory and the Practice: An Introductory Overview -- 2. Expenditures and Revenue Assignment: Principles -- 3. Expenditure and Revenue Assignment: Practices -- 4. Structural Design -- 5. Expenditure and Service Delivery: Core Services and Regulation -- 6. Expenditures and Service Delivery: Social Services -- 7. Provision and Finance of Infrastructure -- 8. Local Taxation -- 9. Property Taxation: Principles -- 10. Local Income, Sales and Environmental Taxes -- 11. Charges and User Fees -- 12. Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers: Principles -- 13. Higher Order Fiscal Transfers to Local Governments: An Overview of Worldwide Practices -- 14. Higher Order Government Financing of Metropolitan Areas

Why it is best that users, instead of the federal or provincial taxpayers, pay for public infrastructure.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of traditional as well as newer topics in local public, fiscal and financial management principles and practices. It covers traditional topics of local public management, local revenue administration with special emphasis on property tax administration, local budgeting and accounting, and methods of capital finance. Newer topics covered include political economy of local government, alternate service delivery framework for local service provision, performance budgeting, fiscal rules for local fiscal discipline, local government integrity and performance accountability, and country rank based upon relative importance and political, fiscal and administrative autonomy of local governments. The treatment is non-technical and suitable for a wide variety of audiences including scholars, instructors, students, policy advisors, and practitioners.