Threats of Force and International Law: Practice, Responses and Consequences
Intro -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 History and definition of the threats of force -- Introduction -- 1.1 The history of the prohibition of threats of force -- 1.2 Definition of the threat of force -- 1.2.1 Forms of threats of force -- 1.2.2 Subjective elements - intent to use force and credibility of threats -- 1.2.3 The objective of the threat of force -- 1.2.4 Other elements of the threat of force -- 1.2.5 Summary -- 2 The status of the prohibition of the threats of force -- Introduction -- 2.1 The prohibition of the threats of force v. the prohibition of the use of force -- 2.1.1 '[A]gainst the territorial integrity and political independence or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations' -- 2.1.2 Exceptions to the prohibition of the threats of force -- 2.2 Other norms breached by the threat of force -- 2.3 Different kinds of threats -- 2.4 Is the prohibition of threats of force a peremptory norm or a customary norm? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Threats of force in practice -- Introduction -- 3.1 Threats of force as actions -- 3.1.1 Threats of force involving the movement of armed forces -- 3.1.1.1 Military manoeuvres -- 3.1.1.2 Concentration of forces -- 3.1.1.3 Mobilization of forces -- 3.1.2 Possession of nuclear weapons -- 3.1.3 Violation of airspace and territorial waters -- 3.2 Oral threats of force -- 3.3 Written threats of force -- 3.4 Ultimatums -- 3.5 Domestic legislation of states -- 3.6 War propaganda -- 3.7 'Accumulation of events' as a threat of force -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Responses to threats of force -- Introduction -- 4.1 Responses to threats of force under the framework of international organizations -- 4.1.1 The United Nations -- 4.1.1.1 The UN Security Council -- 4.1.1.2 The UN General Assembly -- 4.1.1.3 Other UN organs -- 4.1.2 Organs outside the United Nations.