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Between 1650 and 1800, advertising for remedies became a standard strategy for all kinds of actors on the medical marketplace of the Netherlands. In digitized newspapers from this period, thousands of medical advertisements can be found. This period can be regarded as the first golden age of medical advertising, predating the era of mass media in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Eighteenth-century newspaper readers had their own 'pharmaceutical literacy' to understand and assess the contents of medical advertisements. This literacy was related to their world, in which most medical practice was still plant-based medicine. Many medicinal products became commodities before they were clearly understood in terms of ingredients, provenance or efficacy. Those who had a predominantly commercial interest in medicine (like producers, advertisers, brokers, merchants, and so on), were concerned about enlarging and consolidating their market, more than about quality assurance, proper usage of medical terminology, or the safety of the patient. Although the success of advertising is difficult to measure, it can be observed that the practice of advertising transformed from an occasional experiment into a structural, appealing strategy to promote remedies. Every local producer of remedies could advertise, to increase the visibility of his practice to a regional, national, even international level. Circumstances beyond the personae of advertisers could influence the availability of new remedies as well, like local epidemics, or international economic and political turmoil. Comparing the trajectories of various remedies over time reveals the dynamic, varying degree of success of new remedies. This is demonstrated in the dissertation by the interconnected histories of fever and fever remedies, especially Peruvian bark (the exotic plant product that yields the antimalarial substance quinine). A diachronic analysis of fever and fever remedies demonstrates the usefulness the shifting commercial and cultural importance of new ...

W. H. Klein (identification tentative) writes from Reading, Pennsylvania, to Alden Partridge in Pembroke, New Hampshire; he is looking for a property to serve the institution in Reading. ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

W. H. Klein (writer identification tentative) writes from Reading, Pennsylvania, to Alden Partridge in Norwich, Vermont, regarding the opening of an academy in Reading in the Fall. The letter was redirected to be delivered to Partridge at Pembroke, New Hampshire. ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

W. H. Klein (writer identification uncertain) writes from Reading, Pennsylvania, to Alden Partridge in Pembroke, New Hampshire, regarding the opening of the academy in Reading in April; please select teachers carefully. ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

W. H. Klein (identification uncertain) writes from Reading, Pennsylvania, to Alden Partridge in Norwich, Vermont, regarding complaints of neglect pertaining to George Emerson (George Washington Franklin Emerson?), who is in charge of the school in Reading. ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.

W. H. Klein (identification tentative) writes from Reading, Pennsylvania, to Alden Partridge in Norwich, Vermont; he asks Partridge to come and assist with military instruction at an upcoming encampment of militia; would Partridge be interested in delivering a few lectures? ; Transcription by Raymond Bouchard. Transcriptions may be subject to error.