Suchergebnisse

The problem of paramilitary organizations in Germany after 1918 forms an interesting and crucial chapter in the story of the ill-fated Weimar Republic. The organizations which gained the most notoriety stood on the far political right, unreconciled and unreconcilable both to military defeat and to the republic which was the child of that defeat. But the republic did have its militant defenders, who were recruited on the democratic left and organized in the Reichsbanner. The history of the Reichsbanner not only vividly demonstrated "the sharpness of political antagonisms" in the republic, but also reflected several developments during Germany's so-called golden years after 1924: the balance of political forces, Catholic-socialist and bourgeois-socialist relations, and in no small degree the disintegration of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democratic Party, Democratic Party, and Center Party).

AbstractWe show the impact of migration type on real wages over time. We create a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over the period 1979–2002. We estimate the effects of primary, onward, and two types of return migration on real wages using a panel data model with individual, location, and time fixed effects. Panel data are well suited for the study of the returns to U.S. internal migration because the influence of migration on wages has been found to occur years after the event. We differentiate return migration into two types: return to a location with ties that form a geographical anchor ("home") and return to a prior place of work. We find that real wage growth varies by migration type. Education attainment is a significant factor in real wage growth. Our results show that onward migration is an important channel by which the monetary rewards to a college education are manifested.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of locational and individual characteristics upon interstate retiree migration, particularly in state‐level public policy variables. Data regarding the characteristics of individual movers are drawn from the 1990 US. Census of Population and Housing 5% Public Use Microdata Sample. The household data are merged with location‐specific attributes including both natural amenities and local fiscal variables. Three specifications of the model are estimated. The "push" model analyzes the impact of origin characteristics upon migration between states, while the "pull" model demonstrates the influence of destination characteristics upon interstate migration. The final specification is the "difference" model, which measures the actual changes in site characteristics experienced by migrants in their location decisions. The results indicate that both personal and locational characteristics are important factors determining the decision of elderly migrants to change their state of residence. While there is some limited support for the push and pull specifications, the difference model is found to provide the best overall fit.

Abstract.  This article demonstrates that the design and nature of agricultural support schemes has an influence on farmers' perception of their level of dependence on agricultural support. While direct aid payments inform farmers about the extent to which they are subsidised, indirect support mechanisms veil the level of subsidisation, and therefore they are not fully aware of the extent to which they are supported. To test this hypothesis, we applied data from a survey of 4,500 farmers in three countries: the United Kingdom, Germany and Portugal. It is demonstrated that indirect support, such as that provided through artificially high consumer prices, gives an illusion of free and competitive markets among farmers. This 'visibility' hypothesis is evaluated against an alternative hypothesis that assumes farmers have complete, or at least a fairly comprehensive level of, information on agricultural support schemes. Our findings show that this alternative hypothesis can be ruled out.

Volume 1 contains the biographies of Georg Kardinal Kopp (1837-1914), Julius Bachem (1845-1918), Georg Graf von Hertling (1843-1919), Franz Hitze (1851-1921), Peter Spahn (1846-1925), Karl Trimborn (1854-1921), Karl Muth (1867-1944), Matthias Erzberger (1875-1921), Felix Porsch (1853-1930), Hedwig Dransfeld (1871-1925), Konstantin Fehrenbach (1852-1926), Heinrich Brauns (1868-1939), Joseph Wirth (1879-1956), Wilhelm Marx (1863-1946), Adam Stegerwald (1874-1945), Heinrich Held (1868-1938), Joseph Joos (1878-1965), Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970), Ludwig Kaas (1881-1952), Adolf Kardinal Bertram (1859-1945), Romano Guardini (1885-1968).