Suchergebnisse

U radu je analiziran stav Svete stolice prema izmenjenim odnosima u Italiji, koje su ugovori u Utrehtu i Raštatu proizveli. Istraživanje je utemeljeno na izveštajima predstavnika Velike Britanije u Veneciji, Kristijana Kola, koji se nalaze u Nacionalnom arhivu u Londonu (The National Archives at Kew Gardens, London). Kako je redovno dobijao izveštaje iz Rima, Napulja i sa Sicilije, Kol je bio upoznat s dešavanjima u tim državama, zbog čega njegova prepiska pruža novi pogled na dešavanja u Vatikanu i Papskoj državi u celini, u pojedinim stavovima suprotan od onoga što zvanične istorije te epohe otkrivaju. ; This work analysess the opinion of Vatican and Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) about new relations in Italy, that are consequences of Rastatt and Utrecht treaties. Archive materials from the National Archives in London, specifically reports of an England's representative in Venice were used. Since he regularly received reports from Rome, Naples and Sicily, Christian Cole regularly and dutifully informed London of occurrences in these states. Due to the mentioned fact, his correspondence provides a certain overview of events in Vatican, and some dispositions are opposed to those revealed by the historiography of this period. The Utrecht Peace caused significant changes in the Apennine Peninsula, and Vatican was not prepared to accept them. Break-through of Austria into this part of Europe is, by all means, one of its most important consequences. One of pontiff's responses to changes on the political map of Italy was his approaching to Charles VI, whom he saw as a protector of the Catholic Church, in the period when the conflict with Louis XIV culminated because of his efforts to achieve autonomy for the Gallican church. After Rastatt, the Pope became deeply disappointed with Charles VI. This was bound to happen, since Charles VI tried to introduce the Kingdom of Naples into his sphere of interest, which was in conflict with Vatican's interest, and the approaching noticed during 1713 could not last for long, in the circumstances when the Pope had to fight for his endangered privileges.

Ahmed III (1703-1730) koji je zahvaljujući pobuni u Jedrenu izabran za sultana, morao se odmah po dolasku na vlast suočiti sa negativnom nasleđem Velikog rata (1683-1699), koje je nastavilo da utiče na unutrašnju i spoljnu politiku osmanske države. Istraživanje je zasnovano na neobjavljenoj građi iz The National Archive, Kew Garden, London (Public Record Office). U prvom redu obuhvaćena je prepiska iz fonda State Papers, Turkey (serija 97). Izveštaji stranih ambasadora, koji otkrivaju mnogo toga što zvanična osmanska istoriografija prećutkuje, uzeti su kao osnova u objašnjenju događaja, koji su obeležili ovo razdoblje u istoriji Osmanskog carstva i njegovih odnosa sa Evropom. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 177009: Modernizacija zapadnog Balkana. ; In the period between 1703 and 1706, the Port was faced with resolutions of series of questions, most of which were the legacy of The Great War. Its power to act was limited by bad finances that were recovering gradually, but insufficiently. However, the question of Spanish legacy launched Europe into a new conflict. Rebellion in Hungary was its immediate consequence. This led French diplomacy to become involved in engaging the Port in a new war against the Habsburgs. According to methodology and practical means, there was almost no difference between Chateauneuf and Ferriol. Their actions represented traditional politics of Versailles towards the Port, which underlined pragmatism as the main course of action. Other diplomats could not represent serious competition in this field. The fact that, during the period analyzed here, the Port did not dare to openly lend a hand to rebels in Hungary, is justified by unresolved issues with Russia, as well as with a new upheaval in Arabia.

Konstantinopolj - Istanbul zauzima važno mesto u istoriji pandemija kuge. Njegova lokacija na istorijskoj mapi pandemija stoji u vezi sa njegovom geografskom pozicijom i složenim sanitarnim uslovima. Istanbul je jedan od najvećih evropskih gradova, koji delimično leži i na azijskoj obali, dok ga sa Afrikom vežu snažne ekonomske veze. Međutim, epidemije kuge koje su sredinom XVIII veka izbijale u Osmanskom carstvu nisu dovoljno istražene. Stav vlasti i društva prema epidemijama i bolesti je generalno bio takav da ih je smatrao Božijom kaznom, koju je potrebno mirno i trpeljivo izdržati. Shodno tome, lekari u Osmanskom carstvu nisu posmatrali kugu ko medicinski fenomen, tako da nisu ostavili dovoljno zapisa o njoj. U ovom radu se služimo izvorima evropske provenijencije, pre svega pismima doktora Mordaha Mekenzija (1712-1797), koji je u prepisci sa svojim kolegama u Londonu izneo zapažanja u vezi sa kugom u Istanbulu 1848-1762. U tim pismima se nalaze vredne informacije o njegovoj lekarskoj praksi, kao i uvid u manifestacije i lečenje kuge u Istanbulu sredinom XVIII veka. ; Constantinople - Istanbul has taken an important place in the history of the pandemic of the plague. The city's location on the historical map of the pandemic is linked to its geographical position and complex sanitary conditions. Istanbul is one of the largest European cities, also located on the Asian side, and related to Africa with strong economic ties. The city is an important destination for Mediterranean navigation and trade. However, the epidemics of plague affecting the Ottoman Empire, including the mid-18th century epidemics, have not yet been sufficiently explored. Sources are mainly testimonies of foreign origin. The attitude of the Ottoman government and the Ottoman society towards the plague and epidemics in general were under strong influence of religious beliefs. The epidemics were considered a divine punishment, supposed to remain suffered calmly and obediently. Therefore, the Ottoman doctors showed a lack of interest towards s the plague as a medical phenomenon, thus leaving insufficient testimonies. That is why researchers are referred to the sources of European provenance. In the letters from Istanbul to his English colleagues in London, doctor Mordach Mackenzie (1712-1797) communicated his observations about the plague in Istanbul 1748-1762. The letters contain valuable information from his medical practice, pointing to the medical peculiarities of the epidemic and contributing to a more complete insight into the manifestations and treatment of the plague in Istanbul in the mid-18th century. This study took into account as well the great epidemic that hit the city in 1788, using an anonymous treatise. The authorship of the treatise is also revealed in this study. Opinions and attitudes in the treatise from 1788 do not fully comply to those found in the reports of doctor Mackenzie.

The conquest of Niš (1689) by the Habsburg army affected diplomacy of the Porte. This was especially evident in negotiations it had started several months before in Vienna with the members of the Holy League. This paper is based on the documents kept in the archives of Vienna and London. It also discusses the situation in the Ottoman state presented from the point of view of diplomats accredited by governments, who take different positions on many issues. This paper is an attempt to assess in a wider context the impact of this Habsburg victory, so far interpreted primarily as a part of military history, on European events of that dramatic period, because certain contemporary publications suggest the impact was not negligible.

Pad Niša je bio značajan jer su u isto vreme trajali pregovori u Beču između članica Svete lige i Osmanskog carstva. Na taj način je vojni poraz direktno uticao na pregovaračke pozicije osmanske strane u Beču. Na osnovu neobjavljene arhivske građe iz arhiva u Beču i Londonu može se saznati koliko brzo i na koji način su promene na bojnom polju uticale na mirovne pregovore. Neuspeh osmanske strane u pregovorima je otkrio značaj Beograda koji osmanska strana nije ni pod kojim uslovima želela da prepusti Svetoj ligi. Pored toga bezbednost samih pregovarača je zavisila od situacije na bojnom polju. Pad Niša je uslovio dalji neuspešni prodor Habzburga koji se završio povrtakom Niša pod osmansku vlast. ; The conquest of Niš (1689) by the Habsburg army affected diplomacy of the Porte. This was especially evident in negotiations it had started several months before in Vienna with the members of the Holy League. This paper is based on the documents kept in the archives of Vienna and London. It also discusses the situation in the Ottoman state presented from the point of view of diplomats accredited by governments, who take different positions on many issues. This paper is an attempt to assess in a wider context the impact of this Habsburg victory, so far interpreted primarily as a part of military history, on European events of that dramatic period, because certain contemporary publications suggest the impact was not negligible.

Rad analizira prilike u Persiji tokom vladavine poslednjih vladara iz dinastije Safavida. Slabljenje Persije nastojala je da iskoristi Rusija i osvoji delove Kaspijskog regiona, a iste namere imalo je i Osmansko carstvo. Istraživanje je zasnovano na neobjavljenim britanskim izvorima, odnosno službenim izveštajima ambasadora Velike Britanije u Istanbulu Abrahama Stanjana. Ova arhivska građa vlasništvo je Nacionalnog arhiva u Londonu (The National Archives, London)i nalazi se u seriji State Papers, fondu 97 (Turkey), fascikli n°24. Uz to, izveštaji doprinose sveobuhvatnijem sagledavanju pitanja koja se odnose na trgovinsku razmenu Velike Britanije sa tim delom sveta. Osim diplomatskih arhivskih dokumenata, u istraživanju je kao izvor korišćena i ondašnja štampa (The Monthly Mercury), kao i rezultati savremene istoriografije, prvenstveno britanske i ruske. ; The crisis which at the beginning of the 18th century caught Persia strengthened the aspirations of its neighbors, Russia and the Ottoman Empire, in regard to certain parts of its territory. The ascent of Persia in the era of Safavid contributed to the production of raw silk, which made it a major exporter of raw and processed silks of the finest quality. This was the main reason why some European countries (England, France and the Netherlands) established permanent diplomatic and trade relations with Persia. With several decades of delay, a new competitor appeared in that field, Russia, which in the middle of the 17th century was seriously interested in joining this trade, but by its own model. The British East India Company, which opened the factories in the most important centers of silk production, established by the benefits it gained a certain degree of monopoly on its exports directly from the territory of Persia. Although in certain periods the Porte was leading a protectionist policy to ban the export of Persian Silk through its territories, it did not succeed in it precisely because of the demand of the European market for the merchandise. Silk and raw yarn exported from Persia to the Ottoman Empire became the object of the trade of European Levant companies (English, French, and Dutch). The interests which the European trading companies placed in the course of events in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia took on the mark of serious diplomatic activities, which used various means to achieve political pressure. The initial phase of the disintegration of the Safavid state found its place in British diplomatic sources. The significance of these archival sources can be seen in the fact that they offer a different point of view it shows the realities in Persia in the period from 1721 to 1723, while presenting plenty of new data. The British diplomatic mission in the Ottoman Empire, led by Ambassador Abraham Stanyan, had a series of justifications to monitor developments in the Caspian and Caucasus regions, fearing that they would influence the fall of the British exchange with those areas. Due to the ambitions of Russia to divert to its territory parts of the trade route where the exchange of silk took place, the Levant Company would have become the most damaged side, which additionally influenced Stanyan to engage in the defense of British trade interests. Diplomacy, as a rule, played a role in normalizing relations in Persia, but its mechanisms of pressure, which it employed, proved insufficiently strong to prevent the Russian army from attacking Dagestan and Georgia, as well as the breakthrough of the Ottoman army in Persia. Attempting to neutralize the actions of French Ambassador Marquise de Bonacca, Stanyan sought to closely moni­tor developments in Persia and respond in a timely manner. In doing so, he was aided by the privileged position in the diplomatic corps in Istanbul, which British diplomats gained in successful mediation during the negotiations in Sremski Karlovci in 1699 and Požarevac in 1718, which was contrary to the principles of Russian diplomacy, which did not trust the Great Britain and its representatives in the Ottoman state and Persia.

U radu se razmatra katolička reforma kao period promena u Rimokatoličkoj crkvi u 16. i 17. veku, kojima se ona suprotstavljala reformaciji, i koja je sadržala simbiozu religije i politike. Na putu konsolidacije Rimokatolička crkva se nije opredelila za jevanđeoski pristup, te je stoga značajan deo svojih mera sprovela upravo političkim sredstvima, koja su nekada bila agresivna a nekada sofisticirana. Značajni aspekti reforme bili su bliži političkim akcijama nego unutrašnjoj obnovi i reorganizaciji, takvim merama Rimokatolička crkva je pokušavala da se konsoliduje i zaštiti od protestantizma. ; The paper discusses the Catholic Reform as a period of change in the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, which opposed the Reformation, and which contained a symbiosis of religion and politics. On the path of consolidation, the Roman Catholic Church did not opt for a gospel approach, and therefore implemented a significant part of its measures precisely through political means, which were sometimes aggressive and at times sophisticated. Significant aspects of the Reform were closer to political action than internal reconstruction and reorganization, with such measures the Roman Catholic Church sought to consolidate and protect against Protestantism.

Skadarski sandžak predstavljao je zasebnu administrativnu jedinicu u okviru Osmanskog carstva, u kojoj je sredinom XVIII veka uspela da se učvrsti na vlasti porodica Bušatlija. Vodeći se vlastitim interesima, Bušatlije su nastojale da se na najbolji način uklope u političke procese, koje je nametalo funkcionisanje osmansko-mletačke granice. Istraživanje razmatra prilike u tom sandžaku tokom poslednje dve decenije XVIII veka, analizirajući ih s aspekta krupnih političkih promena u Evropi i na istočnom Mediteranu, izazvanih dešavanjima u Francuskoj i nastojanjem Porte da očuva svoju vlast, ugroženu aspiracijama Rusije i Austrije. ; In the last decades of the eighteenth century, the Porte endeavoured to preserve the control over the territory endangered by the particularistic tendencies of the provincial administrators, which marked the period of Ottomans history known as period of ayans. Mahmud-pasha Bušatlija (1779-1796), who at certain moments managed to establish independent power in the Sanjak of Scutari, belonged to this milieu. The Venetian and French sources provide a new light in interpreting the position and behaviour of Sanjak-bey of Scutari Mahmud-pasha Bušatlija. Aware of the position in which the Ottoman state found itself, he subordinated the Sultan's interests to the regional, trying to establish an independent authority in the relation to the Porte in the area that was entrusted to him. In this, he was helped by the occurrence that was happening in Europe, in which relations were shaken by the consequences of the French revolution. In that period, the Ottoman state was confronted with the intentions of Austria and Russia to reduce its territory in the Balkans, but also by the rebellions in the eastern provinces, which was the by-product of the rise of the new ruling dynasty in Persia. However, the strengthening of the movement of Ali-pasha, another Albanian rebel, which, as time will show, was much more serious and with deeper consequences on the international plane, the hands of the Porte remained tied in the final settlement with the Scutari Sanjak-bey, which for the second time offered him forgiveness in 1795. The choice of the priorities that needed to be resolved certainly influenced the Porte's decision at a time when a much greater danger to the Ottoman state came from the surrounding of Edirne, where the Ali Pasha Tepeleni movement was strengthened, and also from Russia, which sought to obtain the epithet of the Mediterranean force by opening the Straits and through occupation of maritime bases in the Mediterranean.

The paper discusses the Catholic Reform as a period of change in the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries, which opposed the Reformation, and which contained a symbiosis of religion and politics. On the path of consolidation, the Roman Catholic Church did not opt for a gospel approach, and therefore implemented a significant part of its measures precisely through political means, which were sometimes aggressive and at times sophisticated. Significant aspects of the Reform were closer to political action than internal reconstruction and reorganization, with such measures the Roman Catholic Church sought to consolidate and protect against Protestantism.

Autori u radu analiziraju prilike u Papskoj državi izazvane epidemijom kuge koja je pogađala njene stanovnike, ali i stočni fond. Vremenski okvir koji je predmet analize bio je obeležen završetkom velikog sukoba u Evropi poznatog kao Rat za špansko nasleđe (1701-1714), ali i početkom novog Mletačko-osmanskog rata (1714-1718). Stalna ratna opasnost, posebno vojne operacije vođene na teritoriji Apeninskog poluostrva, uticala je na intenzitet i aktivnost epidemije u Papskoj državi. Autori podatke iz britanskih izvora kompariraju sa drugim istorijskim izvorima, ali i sa savremenim istraživanjima. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su epidemije koje su u kratkom periodu (od 1713. do 1716) pogodile Papsku državu bile manjeg intenziteta, što se posebno odnosi na epidemije ljudske kuge. Stočna kuga, s druge strane, pokazala se štetnom po privredu Papske države, preteći da u njoj, kao krajnju posledicu prolongira i glad, stalno prisutnu među najsiromašnijim slojevima stanovništva. Mere zaštite koje je Rim preuzimao pokazale su se efikasnim, zbog čega od 1716. godine nema vesti o kugi i gladi u britanskim izvorima koji opisuju prilike u Papskoj državi. ; The British government did not appoint its representative in Rome, so the British in Venice were obliged to regularly inform on the developments in the Papal States. For this reason, their reports contain data that reveal certain aspects of the daily life in the Papal States, primarily those related to epidemics, hunger, and natural disasters. Our research is based on the archival material and relevant histories of this era, as well as the contemporary results of historical science for comparative analysis and the creation of an objective scientific picture of the epidemics and other natural disasters that affected the inhabitants of the Papal States in this short period at the beginning of the 18th century.

The British government did not appoint its representative in Rome, so the British in Venice were obliged to regularly inform on the developments in the Papal States. For this reason, their reports contain data that reveal certain aspects of the daily life in the Papal States, primarily those related to epidemics, hunger, and natural disasters. Our research is based on the archival material and relevant histories of this era, as well as the contemporary results of historical science for comparative analysis and the creation of an objective scientific picture of the epidemics and other natural disasters that affected the inhabitants of the Papal States in this short period at the beginning of the 18th century.