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Cover -- Titel -- Vorwort zur Reihe "Bedrohte Ordnungen" -- Table of Contents -- Ewald Frie, Thomas Kohl and Mischa Meier: Dynamics of Social Change and Perceptions of Threat. An Introduction -- I. Framing Situations of Social Change and Threat in Contemporary Society -- Andreas Hasenclever: Introduction: Taking the Cultural Contexts of Group Mobilization Seriously -- Holger Stritzel: The Travelling Concept of Organized Crime as a Threat to Political and Social Orders -- Jan Sändig: Framing Non-Violence : MASSOB and the Puzzling Non-Escalation of the Struggle for Biafra in Nigeria -- II. Urban Unrest, Power and the Internal Dynamics of Social Change, c. 1050-1550 -- Klaus Ridder: Introduction -- Thomas Kohl: Violence, Power and Social Change : European Cities c. 1050-1120 -- Hannah Skoda: Threatened Orders in Paris, Oxford and Heidelberg -- Beatrice von Lüpke: The Nuremberg Shrovetide Plays and their Perception of Social (Dis-)Order -- III. Making Sense of Threat - Systems of Belief under Threat, c. 200-800 -- Sebastian Schmidt-Hofner: Introduction -- Matthias Becker: Communication of Threat and the Construction of Meaning - Framing the Christians as Sophists in Porphyry's Contra Christianos -- Phil Booth: "Liturgification" and Dissent in the Crisis of the East Roman Empire (6th-8th Centuries) -- IV. Disasters and Social Change, 19th-20th c. -- Klaus Gestwa: Introduction -- Anna Ananieva and Rolf Haaser: Coping with Floods: The Imaginary Community of the "Elegant World" and the Hungarian Flood Disaster of 1838 -- Rebecca Jones: Understanding the Conundrum of Drought in Australia -- V. The End of Threat: Diverging perspectives on Social Change during the 'Sattelzeit' (c. 1750-1850) -- Renate Dürr: Introduction -- Dennis Schmidt: 'Daß alles beym Alten bleibet'. Josephinism and Religious Orders in Inner Austria.

Warum verändern sich Dinge zu bestimmten Zeiten und nicht zu anderen? Die Beiträge in diesem Band betrachten diese Frage aus der Perspektive der Bedrohung. Selbstalarmierungen aus Gesellschaften oder sozialen Gruppen heraus öffnen Möglichkeitsfenster für Wandel – der oft nicht so verläuft, wie die Urheber der Alarmierung wünschen. Einmal bedroht, werden soziale Ordnungen, die zuvor als gegeben hingenommen wurden, sichtbar, verhandelbar und damit auch veränderbar. In fünf Sektionen behandeln die Beiträge ein weites Spektrum an bedrohten Ordnungen: Dürre und Flut in der modernen Welt, Aufstände in mittelalterlichen Städten, antike Glaubenssysteme sowie heutige organisierte Kriminalität und Protest. Alarmierung und Bedrohung, so zeigt sich, ermöglichen Analyse und Vergleich schnellen und überraschenden sozialen Wandels in vielen Gesellschaften.InhaltsübersichtEwald Frie/Mischa Meier: Dynamics of Social Change and Perceptions of Threat. An Introduction I. Framing Situations of Social Change and Threat in Contemporary Society Andreas Hasenclever: Introduction: Taking the Cultural Contexts of Group Mobilization Seriously – Holger Stritzel: The Travelling Concept of Organized Crime as a Threat to Political and Social Orders – Jan Sändig: Framing Non-Violence: MASSOB and the Puzzling Non-Escalation of the Struggle for Biafra in Nigeria II. Urban Unrest, Power and the Internal Dynamics of Social Change, c. 1050–1550 Klaus Ridder: Introduction – Thomas Kohl: Violence, Power and Social Change: European Cities c. 1050–1120 – Hannah Skoda: Threatened Orders in Paris, Oxford and Heidelberg – Beatrice von Lüpke: The Nuremberg Shrovetide Plays and their Perception of Social (Dis-)Order III. Making Sense of Threat – Systems of Belief under Threat, c. 200–800 Sebastian Schmidt-Hofner: Introduction – Communication of Threat and the Construction of Meaning – Matthias Becker: Framing the Christians as Sophists in Porphyry's Contra Christianos – Phil Booth: Liturgification« and Dissent in the Crisis of the East Roman Empire (6th-8th Centuries) IV. Disasters and Social Change, 19th-20th c. Klaus Gestwa: Introduction – Anna Ananieva/Rolf Haaser: Coping with Floods: The Imaginary Community of the »Elegant World« and the Hungarian Flood Disaster of 1838 – Rebecca Jones: Understanding the Conundrum of Drought in Australia V. The End of Threat: Diverging perspectives on Social Change during the 'Sattelzeit' (c. 1750–1850) Renate Dürr: Introduction – Dennis Schmidt: 'Daß alles beym Alten bleibet' Josephinism and Religious Orders in Inner Austria – Fernando Esposito: The Two Ends of History and Historical Temporality as a Threatened Order

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health and to European Union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every EU member state. In Germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the EU, M. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. Here, the transmission routes of a bovine TB outbreak in a wildlife park in Germany affecting different cervid species, bison, lynx, and pot-bellied pig were followed employing whole genome sequencing (WGS) combined with spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR-typing. One single M. bovis strain persisted from 2002 – 2015, and transmission between the park and a distantly located captive cervid farm was verified. The spoligotyping pattern remained identical while MIRU-VNTR-typing of 24 loci of the standardized panel and locus 2163a as additional locus revealed one change at locus 2165 in a strain from a fallow deer, and one at locus 2461 in isolates from red deer over the whole time period. WGS analysis confirmed close relatedness of the isolates, with a maximum of 12 SNPs detected between any two sequenced isolates. In conclusion, our data confirm a longitudinal outbreak of M. bovis in a German wildlife park and provide first insights into the dynamics of different genotyping markers in M. bovis.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a transmissible disease notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health and to the European Union, with ongoing efforts of surveillance and eradication in every EU member state. In Germany, a country which has been declared officially free from bovine tuberculosis since 1997 by the EU, M. bovis infections still occur sporadically in cattle and other mammals, including humans. Here, the transmission routes of a bTB outbreak in a wildlife park in Germany affecting different cervid species, bison, lynx, and pot-bellied pigs were followed by employing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) combined with spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. One single M. bovis strain persisted from 2002 to 2015, and transmission between the park and a distantly located captive cervid farm was verified. The spoligotyping patterns remained identical, while MIRU-VNTR typing of 24 loci of the standardized panel and locus 2163a as an additional locus revealed one change at locus 2165 in a strain from a fallow deer and one at locus 2461 in isolates from red deer over the whole time period. WGS analysis confirmed the close relatedness of the isolates, with a maximum of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected between any two sequenced isolates. In conclusion, our data confirm a longitudinal outbreak of M. bovis in a German wildlife park and provide the first insights into the dynamics of different genotyping markers in M. bovis.

Using 894 phylogenetically diverse genomes of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), we simulated in silico the ability of the Hain Lifescience GenoType MTBC to differentiate the causative agents of tuberculosis. We propose a revised interpretation of this assay to reflect its strengths (e.g. it can distinguish some strains of M. canettii and variants of M. bovis that are not intrinsically resistant to pyrazinamide) and limitations (e.g. M. orygis cannot be differentiated from M. africanum). This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.

Molecular surveillance of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) using 24-loci MIRU-VNTR in the European Union suggests the occurrence of international transmission. In early 2014, Austria detected a molecular MDR-TB cluster of five isolates. Links to Romania and Germany prompted the three countries to investigate possible cross-border MDR-TB transmission jointly. We searched genotyping databases, genotyped additional isolates from Romania, used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to infer putative transmission links, and investigated pairwise epidemiological links and patient mobility. Ten isolates from 10 patients shared the same 24-loci MIRU-VNTR pattern. Within this cluster, WGS defined two subgroups of four patients each. The first comprised an MDR-TB patient from Romania who had sought medical care in Austria and two patients from Austria. The second comprised patients, two of them epidemiologically linked, who lived in three different countries but had the same city of provenance in Romania. Our findings strongly suggested that the two cases in Austrian citizens resulted from a newly introduced MDR-TB strain, followed by domestic transmission. For the other cases, transmission probably occurred in the same city of provenance. To prevent further MDR-TB transmission, we need to ensure universal access to early and adequate therapy and collaborate closely in tuberculosis care beyond administrative borders.

Background Tracking recent transmission is a vital part of controlling widespread pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multiple methods with specific performance characteristics exist for detecting recent transmission chains, usually by clustering strains based on genotype similarities. With such a large variety of methods available, informed selection of an appropriate approach for determining transmissions within a given setting/time period is difficult. Methods This study combines whole genome sequence (WGS) data derived from 324 isolates collected 2005–2010 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a high endemic setting, with phylodynamics to unveil the timing of transmission events posited by a variety of standard genotyping methods. Clustering data based on Spoligotyping, 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing, WGS based SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) typing were evaluated. Findings Our results suggest that clusters based on Spoligotyping could encompass transmission events that occurred almost 200 years prior to sampling while 24-loci-MIRU-VNTR often represented three decades of transmission. Instead, WGS based genotyping applying low SNP or cgMLST allele thresholds allows for determination of recent transmission events, e.g. in timespans of up to 10 years for a 5 SNP/allele cut-off. Interpretation With the rapid uptake of WGS methods in surveillance and outbreak tracking, the findings obtained in this study can guide the selection of appropriate clustering methods for uncovering relevant transmission chains within a given time-period. For high resolution cluster analyses, WGS-SNP and cgMLST based analyses have similar clustering/timing characteristics even for data obtained from a high incidence setting. ; ISSN:2352-3964