Suchergebnisse

The integration of development and climate objectives is increasingly recognized as significant in research and policy making. In practice some development aims such as poverty alleviation enhancing energy security and access or improving health also have potential climate benefits. The challenge is to find a broadly applicable range of effective policies and actions that realize development objectives and at the same time result in real climate benefits. This special issue of the Climate Policy journal focuses on new evidence that identifies options for action examining how development strate.

AbstractWhile multilateral approaches and national policies have been unable to halt the unprecedented loss of biodiversity, responses from non-state and subnational initiatives are increasing. The successful implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework (GBF), to be agreed upon under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ultimately depends on commitments and action by state and non-state actors, including subnational actors. However, non-state and subnational actors have so far received little attention in academic analysis of global biodiversity governance. In order to better understand and harness the potential of non-state and subnational involvement, this paper addresses the ways in which non-state initiatives contribute to global biodiversity governance and how productive linkages can be built between state and non-state actors in the post-2020 GBF. This paper applies an explorative case study approach and analyses six international cooperative initiatives (ICIs) that highlight novel approaches in international biodiversity governance. We analyse the qualities of ICIs for biodiversity governance in terms of strengths and potential, the governance functions that they fulfil, and how they are engaging with the CBD and the post-2020 GBF. Based on this analysis, we discuss challenges and opportunities related to non-state and subnational actors involvement in global biodiversity governance and identify possible steps forward. We emphasise the importance of a collaborative framework for non-state action within the CBD that builds on existing and emerging activities of non-state actors, organises monitoring and review as part of an accountability framework of state and non-state actors, and provides for learning, capacity building and follow-up action.

AbstractNon‐state and sub‐national actors (e.g. cities, regions and companies) are increasingly taking action to address biodiversity loss. They set up standards and commitments, provide funding, create and disseminate information, and execute projects on the ground. As part of the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) decided to implement the 'Sharm El‐Sheikh to Beijing Action Agenda for Nature and People'. While there is general support for a voluntary commitment process, the question now is how the Action agenda should look like, what form voluntary commitments for biodiversity should take and if and how the action agenda could become a meaningful pillar in the post‐2020 global biodiversity framework. A recent study by the authors reveals the actual depth and breadth of biodiversity governance beyond the CBD. This contribution argues that lessons learned from the ongoing climate change action agenda should urgently be taken into account when further developing the biodiversity action agenda.

The urgency of transforming biodiversity governance / Ingrid J.Visseren-Hamakers and Marcel Kok -- Defining Nature / Hans Keune, Marco Immovilli, Roger Keller, Simone Maynard, Pam McElwee, Zsolt Molnár, Gunilla A. Olsson, Unnikrishnan Payyappallimana, Anik Schneiders, Machteld Schoolenberg, Suneetha M. Subramanian and Wouter Van Reeth -- Global biodiversity governance : what needs to be transformed? / Joanna Smallwood; Amandine Orsini; Marcel Kok; Christian Prip and Katarzyna Negacz -- How to save a million species? Transformative governance through prioritization / Ingrid J. Visseren Hamakers, Benjamin Cashore, Derk Loorbach, Marcel Kok, Susan de Koning, Pieter Vullers and Anne van Veen -- One health and biodiversity / Hans Keune, Unnikrishnan Payyappallimana, Serge Morand and Simon Rüegg -- Biodiversity finance and transformative governance : the limitations of innovative financial instruments / Richard van der Hoff and Nowella Anyango-van Zwieten -- Emerging technologies in biodiversity governance : gaps and opportunities for transformative governance / Florian Rabitz, Jesse L. Reynolds and Elsa Tsioumani -- Rethinking and upholding justice and equity in transformative biodiversity governance / Jonathan Pickering, Brendan Coolsaet, Neil Dawson, Kimberly Marion Suiseeya, Cristina Y. A. Inoue and Michelle Lim -- Mainstreaming the animal in biodiversity governance : broadening the moral and legal community to non-humans / Andrea Schapper, Ingrid J. Visseren-Hamakers, David Humphreys and Cebuan Bliss -- Industry responses to evolving regulation of marine bioprospecting in Polar Regions / Kristin Rosendal and Jon Birger Skjærseth -- Transformative biodiversity governance for protected and conserved areas / Janice Weatherley-Singh, Madhu Rao, Elizabeth Matthews, Lilian Painter, Lovy Rasolofomanana, Kyaw T. Latt, Me`ira Mizrahi and James E.M. Watson -- The convivial conservation imperative : exploring 'biodiversity impact chains' to support structural transformation / Bram Büscher, Kate Massarella, Robert Coates, Sierra Deutsch, Wolfram Dressler, Robert Fletcher, Marco Immovilli and Stasja Koot -- Transformative biodiversity governance in agricultural landscapes : taking stock of biodiversity policy integration and looking forward / Yves Zinngrebe, Fiona Kinniburgh, Marjanneke J. Vijge, Sabina J. Khan and Hens Runhaar -- Cities and the transformation of biodiversity governance / Harriet Bulkeley, Linjun Xie, Judy Bush, Katharina Rochell, Julie Greenwalt, Hens Runhaar, Ernita van Wyk, Cathy Oke and Ingrid Coetzee -- Transformative governance for ocean biodiversity / Bolanle Erinosho, Hashali Hamukuaya, Claire Lajaunie, Alana Malinde S.N. Lancaster, Mitchell Lennan, Pierre Mazzega, Elisa Morgera and Bernadette Snow -- Enabling transformative biodiversity governance in the post-2020 era / Marcel Kok, Elsa Tsioumani, Cebuan Bliss, Marco Immovilli, Hans Keune, Elisa Morgera, Simon Ruegg, Andrea Schapper, Marjanneke J. Vijge, Yves Zinngrebe and Ingrid J.Visseren-Hamakers.

Coastal areas are urbanizing at unprecedented rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Combinations of long-standing and emerging problems in these urban areas generate vulnerability for human well-being and ecosystems alike. This baseline study provides a spatially explicit global systematization of these problems into typical urban vulnerability profiles for the year 2000 using largely sub-national data. Using 11 indicator datasets for urban expansion, urban population growth, marginalization of poor populations, government effectiveness, exposures and damages to climate-related extreme events, low-lying settlement, and wetlands prevalence, a cluster analysis reveals a global typology of seven clearly distinguishable clusters, or urban profiles of vulnerability. Each profile is characterized by a specific data-value combination of indicators representing mechanisms that generate vulnerability. Using 21 studies for testing the plausibility, we identify seven key profile-based vulnerabilities for urban populations, which are relevant in the context of global urbanization, expansion, and climate change. We show which urban coasts are similar in this regard. Sensitivity and exposure to extreme climate-related events, and government effectiveness, are the most important factors for the huge asymmetries of vulnerability between profiles. Against the background of underlying global trends we propose entry points for profile-based vulnerability reduction. The study provides a baseline for further pattern analysis in the rapidly urbanizing coastal fringe as data availability increases. We propose to explore socio-ecologically similar coastal urban areas as a basis for sharing experience and vulnerability-reducing measures among them.

Coastal areas are urbanizing at unprecedented rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Combinations of long-standing and emerging problems in these urban areas generate vulnerability for human well-being and ecosystems alike. This baseline study provides a spatially explicit global systematization of these problems into typical urban vulnerability profiles for the year 2000 using largely sub-national data. Using 11 indicator datasets for urban expansion, urban population growth, marginalization of poor populations, government effectiveness, exposures and damages to climate-related extreme events, low-lying settlement, and wetlands prevalence, a cluster analysis reveals a global typology of seven clearly distinguishable clusters, or urban profiles of vulnerability. Each profile is characterized by a specific data-value combination of indicators representing mechanisms that generate vulnerability. Using 21 studies for testing the plausibility, we identify seven key profile-based vulnerabilities for urban populations, which are relevant in the context of global urbanization, expansion, and climate change. We show which urban coasts are similar in this regard. Sensitivity and exposure to extreme climate-related events, and government effectiveness, are the most important factors for the huge asymmetries of vulnerability between profiles. Against the background of underlying global trends we propose entry points for profile-based vulnerability reduction. The study provides a baseline for further pattern analysis in the rapidly urbanizing coastal fringe as data availability increases. We propose to explore socio-ecologically similar coastal urban areas as a basis for sharing experience and vulnerability-reducing measures among them.