Suchergebnisse

The ultimate goal of the study is to analyze the performance indicators of innovative resources of industrial organizations using economic and statistical methods. The proposed system of innovation resource performance indicators characterizes the performance of organizations from the standpoint of different input vectors: the indicators express the financial performance of organizations, the effectiveness of research and development, the cost effectiveness, the provision of fixed assets to workers, and the efficiency of labor input. As a result of the analysis, the growth of financial profitability of scientific and technical works was revealed; it characterizes a higher financial performance of research and development in comparison with the efficiency of sales of organizations. The structure of employment of scientific researchers in OECD countries is considered. As the share of expenditures on education in the total amount of expenditures of the consolidated budget decreases, it is necessary to create material incentives for attracting employees and securing the existing employment in the sphere of education. An international comparison of the share of government R&D expenditures in GDP by countries of the world was carried out, and countries with high and low levels of knowledge intensity were identified. It has been revealed that investments in fixed assets have a significant impact on the level of costs for technological innovations. Thus, the system of indicators allows us to understand the size of the research and development sector in the scale of the country's economy. ; Celem opracowania jest ocena wydajności innowacyjnych zasobów organizacji przemysłowych przy użyciu metod ekonomicznych i statystycznych. Analizowany system wskaźników efektywności wykorzystania zasobów innowacyjnych charakteryzuje wydajność organizacji z punktu widzenia różnych wektorów wejściowych: wskaźniki wyrażają wyniki finansowe organizacji, skuteczność prac badawczo-rozwojowych, efektywność kosztową, wyposażenie w środki trwałe (techniczne uzbrojenie pracy) oraz wydajność pracy. Wyniki analizy wskazują na wzrost rentowności finansowej prac naukowo-technicznych – badania i rozwój cechują się wyższymi wynikami finansowymi w porównaniu z efektywnością sprzedaży organizacji. W opracowaniu analizie została poddana ponadto struktura zatrudnienia naukowców w krajach OECD. Ustalono, że zmniejsza się udział wydatków na edukację w łącznej kwocie wydatków skonsolidowanego budżetu. Wskazano, że konieczne jest zapewnienie bodźców materialnych przyciągających wykwalifikowany personel do sektora edukacyjnego. Przeprowadzono także międzynarodowe porównanie udziału wydatków rządowych na badania i rozwój w PKB według krajów oraz zidentyfikowano kraje o wysokim i niskim poziomie intensywności wiedzy. Wykazano, że inwestycje w środki trwałe mają znaczący wpływ na poziom kosztów innowacji technologicznych. Rezultaty analiz są podstawą do wnioskowania, że rozważany system wskaźników pozwala ocenić kondycję sektora badawczo-rozwojowego w skali całej gospodarki narodowej

BACKGROUND: Population-level data suggest that economic disruptions in the early 1990s increased working-age male mortality in post-Soviet countries. This study uses individual-level data, using an indirect estimation method, to test the hypothesis that fast privatisation increased mortality in Russia. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we surveyed surviving relatives of individuals who lived through the post-communist transition to retrieve demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of their parents, siblings, and male partners. The survey was done within the framework of the European Research Council (ERC) project PrivMort (The Impact of Privatization on the Mortality Crisis in Eastern Europe). We surveyed relatives in 20 mono-industrial towns in the European part of Russia (ie, the landmass to the west of the Urals). We compared ten fast-privatised and ten slow-privatised towns selected using propensity score matching. In the selected towns, population surveys were done in which respondents provided information about vital status, sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and health-related behaviours of their parents, two eldest siblings (if eligible), and first husbands or long-term partners. We calculated indirect age-standardised mortality rates in fast and slow privatised towns and then, in multivariate analyses, calculated Poisson proportional incidence rate ratios to estimate the effect of rapid privatisation on all-cause mortality risk. FINDINGS: Between November, 2014, and March, 2015, 21 494 households were identified in 20 towns. Overall, 13 932 valid interviews were done (with information collected for 38 339 relatives [21 634 men and 16 705 women]). Fast privatisation was strongly associated with higher working-age male mortality rates both between 1992 and 1998 (age-standardised mortality ratio in men aged 20-69 years in fast vs slow privatised towns: 1·13, SMR 0·83, 95% CI 0·77-0·88 vs 0·73, 0·69-0·77, respectively) and from 1999 to 2006 (1·15, 0·91, 0·86-0·97 vs 0·79, 0·75-0·84). After adjusting for age, marital status, material deprivation history, smoking, drinking and socioeconomic status, working-age men in fast-privatised towns experienced 13% higher mortality than in slow-privatised towns (95% CI 1-26). INTERPRETATION: The rapid pace of privatisation was a significant factor in the marked increase in working-age male mortality in post-Soviet Russia. By providing compelling evidence in support of the health benefits of a slower pace of privatisation, this study can assist policy makers in making informed decisions about the speed and scope of government interventions. FUNDING: The European Research Council.