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The author shows the changes that the system of commodity relations is undergoing in the early 21st century. These changes are seeing the market take on an all-encompassing character, and we are witnessing a comprehensive manipulation of market actors by corporate capital. The present-day market is limited and undermined not only by state regulation but also by a process of socialisation, which represents the totality of transitional relationships and institutions. Having characterised this new quality of the relations of the market, the author demonstrates the specific nature of these processes in contemporary Russia, where the most modern forms of market relations and the most archaic are being propagated simultaneously. The green shoots of socialisation are characterised by the contradiction between the retention of a number of the achievements of the preceding system, and the development of shadow state regulation and 'manual control'.

The need for technological modernization of the Russian economy within the framework of the existing economic model is not realized. This makes us turn to the study of alternative models, among which the domestic experience of a regulated mixed economy during the period of the new economic policy deserves attention. It was the world's first mixed economy model that included a set of regulatory methods based on strategic planning. In addition to the strategic plan itself, this model included direct budget investment, budget subsidies, government orders, regulation of monopoly prices, methods of credit expansion and restriction. Based on this model, such elements of economic modernization were implemented as expanded training of qualified workers and specialists, the development of independent research and development activities in key areas of technological progress, the creation of new industries and enterprises in high-tech sectors of the economy, the organization of import substitution. The implementation of these measures also included the extensive use of foreign technical assistance and the involvement of workers and specialists from abroad. It seems that this experience can be adapted to the realities of the modern Russian economy in order to ensure real progress in the direction of its technological modernization.

The need for technological modernization of the Russian economy within the framework of the existing economic model is not realized. This makes us turn to the study of alternative models, among which the domestic experience of a regulated mixed economy during the period of the new economic policy deserves attention. It was the world's first mixed economy model that included a set of regulatory methods based on strategic planning. In addition to the strategic plan itself, this model included direct budget investment, budget subsidies, government orders, regulation of monopoly prices, methods of credit expansion and restriction. Based on this model, such elements of economic modernization were implemented as expanded training of qualified workers and specialists, the development of independent research and development activities in key areas of technological progress, the creation of new industries and enterprises in high-tech sectors of the economy, the organization of import substitution. The implementation of these measures also included the extensive use of foreign technical assistance and the involvement of workers and specialists from abroad. It seems that this experience can be adapted to the realities of the modern Russian economy in order to ensure real progress in the direction of its technological modernization.

The researches of the contemporary capitalism have ran forward substantially in compare to the theoretical picture have drawn by Karl Marx in «Das Kapital» and show us the deep changes in the categories of the capitalism, which studied by Marx. But in these researches were not attempted to reproduce in full measure the method of «Das Kapital» — it was not shown the dialectical motion of the categories on the path of rising from the abstract to the concrete. In this paper we are trying to give the first sketch of the implementation of this method to the categories of the contemporary capitalism. We guess that just this dimension, starting from the study of the modification of the most abstract, simplest categories of capitalism, give us the possibility to understand in the full extent the modification of the more complex, more concrete categories of capitalist system of the production relations. Thus, we trying to show how the changes in the nature of commodity, of market, of money lead to the changes in the nature of the basic capitalist relation and in the more concrete forms of the existence of capital.

The paper shows that now the mainstream of the economic theory is in crisis losing the heuristic potential. There is some positive potential of the institutional approach that is close to (without admitting it) a number of methodological approaches in Marxist political economy (allocation of objective determinants of economic behavior, an implied confession of existence of similar economic systems, emphasis on property relations, etc.) and goes farther than neoclassics. The " failures" of institutionalism are specified, and it is emphasized that in a number of points (especially, in exaggerating the role of institutions — political, in particular — as bases of economic changes) the criticism of R. I. Kapelyushnikov's "pan-institutionalism" is justified but positive proposals of the author, the "ideational" approach, are themselves subject to criticism. The conclusion is drawn that active discussions concerning the methodology and paradigmatic foundations bases of economic theory are on the agenda.

The article examines the objective grounds for the possibility and necessity of reviv­ing the humanistic heritage of Soviet critical Marxism of the 1960s and 1970s, one of the leaders of which was E.V. Ilyenkov. The main methodological features of this di­rection are highlighted: development and consistent implementation of materialistic dialectical method in solving problems of personality, social exclusion, etc.; identifi­cation of objective laws of social development and criteria of social progress (free harmonious development of personality); study of the contradiction of human social existence as a product of dominant social relations and as a creator of history, etc. These elaborations of Soviet critical Marxism are put in the context of the processes of development of humanistic philosophical thought. The authors show that the main achievements of this school are developed (in some cases independently of the So­viet tradition) by modern supporters of eco-socio-cultural priorities of the social de­velopment. Special attention is paid to the achievements of Soviet critical Marxism in the study of personality problems and prospects for free harmonious human develop­ment in a voluntary working association. The article shows that in modern condi­tions, both positive (technological progress leading to the priority development of creative activity) and negative (the need to remove social exclusion) grounds for the implementation of this imperative are developing. The article concludes with an anal­ysis of the contradictory trends in the development of the USSR, which created the basis for the development of both dogmatic and critical Marxism, and indicates that the traditions of Ilyenkov and his colleagues in the post-Soviet space are being devel­oped by new generations, in particular, by representatives of the post-conscientious school of critical Marxism.