Suchergebnisse

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Celem artykułu jest próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy metodologiczna charakterystyka wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie organizacji o celach politycznych (wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie państwa) jest odmienna od metodologicznej charakterystyki wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie organizacji o celach gospodarczych. Przyjęta została następująca koncepcja bezpieczeństwa: bezpieczeństwo określonego podmiotu jest stanem, w którym podmiot ten, w sytuacji konfliktu wartości, w zakresie nadanego przez siebie zasobu dóbr, ma zdolność do suwerennego podejmowania i realizowania legalnych decyzji, zgodnych z uznawaną przez siebie hierarchią wartości. W świetle tej definicji nauki o bezpieczeństwie należą do nauk stosowanych (praktycznych), co przesądza o tożsamości charakterystyki metodologicznej naukowej wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie rozważanych podmiotów. Nauka o bezpieczeństwie państwa różni się jednak od nauki o bezpieczeństwie w biznesie swoim przedmiotem, ze względu na wspomnianą odmienność celów działania państwa i organizacji gospodarczej. ; The article constitutes an attempt to answer the question whether the methodological description of knowledge on security of organizations with political objectives (knowledge on security of state) is different from the methodological description of knowledge on security of organizations with economic objectives. The following security concept has been accepted: security of specific subjects is a state in which the subjects in a situation of conflict of values, within the source of goods granted by themselves, have the ability of sovereign legal decision-making and realization, accordant with the hierarchy of values recognized by them. In the light of this definition, security studies belong to applied (practical) studies, which determines the identity of the methodological description of the scientific knowledge on the safety of the considered subjects. However, studies on state safety differ in their object from studies on business security, due to the mentioned difference of objectives of the activity of the state and the economic organization. ; В статье сделана попытка ответить на вопрос – чем отличается методологическая характеристика знаний о безопасности организации, имеющей политические цели (знания о безопасности государства), от методологической характеристики знаний о безопасности организации имеющей хозяйственные цели? Была принята следую- щая концепция безопасности: безопасность конкретного субъекта является состоя- нием, при котором этот субъект в ситуации конфликта интересов (в области важных для него ресурсов богатств), имеет возможность принимать суверенные решения и поступать в соответствии с законом и в соответствии с важной для него системой ценностей. В свете этого определения, наука о безопасности принадлежит к среде прикладных наук, что предопределяет об идентичности методологических характе- ристик научных знаний о безопасности рассматриваемых субъектов. Наука о безопас- ности государства отличается от науки о безопасности бизнеса предметом изучения, прежде всего по причине разных целей действия государства и действия экономиче- ской организации.

The main purpose of the article is an attempt to analyze the potential threats to the critical infrastructure of the 31st Tactical Air Base in Poznań-Krzesiny in terms of the security of the Poznań agglomeration. The main threats that may occur have been indicated in the context of military, non-military, asymmetric or hybrid activities. In addition, the mortgage effects of the actions taken, which can have a measurable impact on the safety of the Poznań agglomeration, were discussed and presented. An additional thread in the article is the indication of the existing threats that took place in the area of the Poznań-Krzesiny military airport, which could threaten the functioning of the critical infrastructure located in the area of the 31st Tactical Air Base and the critical infrastructure located in the area of the Poznań agglomeration.
The article does not contain any information or data defined as classified information in accordance with Ustawa z dnia 5 sierpnia 2010 r. o ochronie informacji niejawnych.

We ask why, in many circumstances and many environments, decision-makers choose to act on a time-regular basis (e.g. adjust every six weeks) or on a stateregular basis (e.g. set prices ending in a 9), even though such an approach appears suboptimal. The paper attributes regular behaviour to adjustment cost heterogeneity. We show that, given the cost heterogeneity, the likelihood of adopting regular policies depends on the shape of the benefit function: the flatter it is, the more likely, ceteris paribus, is regular adjustment. We provide sufficient conditions under which, when policymakers differ with respect to the shape of the benefit function (as in Konieczny and Skrzypacz, 2006), the frequency of adjustments across markets is negatively correlated with the incidence of regular adjustments. On the other hand, if policymakers differences are due to the level of adjustment costs (as in Dotsey, King and Wolman, 1999), then the correlation is positive. To test the model we apply it to optimal pricing policies. We use a large Austrian data set, which consists of the direct price information collected by the statistical office and covers 80% of the CPI over eight years. We run cross-sectional tests, regressing the proportion of attractive prices and, separately, the excess proportion of price changes at the beginning of a year and at the beginning of a quarter, on various conditional frequencies of adjustment, inflation and its variability, dummies for good types, and other relevant variables. We find that the lower is, in a given market, the conditional frequency of price changes, the higher is the incidence of time- and state-regular adjustment.