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The outbreak of the pandemic, military conflicts and political maelstrom have changed the constellation of the information environment, generating a noticeable increase in ignorance, disinformation, manipulation resulting in fake news, conspiracy theories and the hate speech. The phenomena are escalated and intensified by rapid technological progress, widespread digitization and its impact on all areas of life, especially political activity. Due to the changes brought about by the digital revolution, a new social formation has emerged, known as the information society represented not only by politicians and social activists. The modified architecture of digital space causes the formation of new instruments, influence factors, and harmful social phenomena – previously present and recognized, but never before so intense. This article describes and analyses the issue of ignorance, misinformation, disinformation and manipulation as potential and actual tools of political power and terrorism. The study assesses the impact of disinformation, manipulation and hate speech disseminated through social media sites and abused by politicians who use it to build and extend political power. It also examines the impact of these detrimental and injurious phenomena on the functioning of the rule of law, democracy and fundamental human rights. The article defines the terms of ignorance, misinformation and manipulation proving that a language, as a means of communication should be neutral, is actually used for promoting ideology, coming to power, serving hatred, violence, and inciting criminal acts and crimes. Thus, political players worldwide use language and media to justify violence and to spread false ideologies and improve their public image.

War needs science and advanced technology to evolve. Until the time of the technological revolution, the war did not have such a large-scale to cover the whole world. But nowadays, communication became a tool that determines the potential of expanding threats. Modern military forces can change an environment faster than ever, but in a decentralized area, the army is unnecessary to war. This article shows the concept of a new idea of decentralized war as a civil and hybrid warfare conducted in the countries in which human rights are repeatedly violated. As evidenced by recent studies, decentralized war uses new generation technology as a weapon of mass destruction based on globally available mass communication tools. Thus, the study concentrates on the issue of these weapons as not only nuclear weapons are likely to play a more significant role in the international security environment, and constraints on the proliferation and use of chemical and biological weapons seem to be inefficient. There will be greater scope for terrorism, though it is not possible to predict the frequency or severity of any future employment of the weapons of mass destruction. New forms of the weapons (beyond chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons) are likely to emerge. This is namely cyber weapons that is capable of inflicting a widespread disruption and generating high costs to deter large-scale cyber attacks. As a consequence of war redefinition, the article is also a trial of reconsidering the term of weapon of mass destruction, by explaining the role of cyber attacks, political fanaticism and hateful propaganda.

This study investigated the conditions of exile and interaction between Ukrainian and Baltic prisoners in Soviet camps in the post-war period. The scientific relevance of the subject lies in the investigation of the cooperation of political prisoners of diverse national groups, which led to the camp uprisings of 1953-1954. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the conditions of exile and the opportunities for contacts between Ukrainian and Baltic prisoners in the context of protest formation using evidence from the camp departments of Vorkuta, specifically Rechlag. To fulfil this purpose, the methods of comparative and retrospective analysis, historical and psychological reconstruction were used. The study identified common and distinctive features inherent in the Vorkuta camps. It was found that the basis for interaction between Ukrainian and Baltic prisoners was their common situation and attempts to improve living conditions in the camp. Therewith, it was stated that the same cultural and educational level and participation in the anti-Soviet resistance improved the establishment of interethnic contacts. The socio-psychological characteristics of Ukrainian and Baltic prisoners of the postwar era distinguished them from others. It was found that the unification into national groups was facilitated by the self-identification of prisoners as captives with a national worldview and experience that opposed Soviet ideology. The main goal was to improve the conditions and release prisoners from places of captivity, and active attempts to achieve this came after Stalin's death. It was proved that political uncertainty and chaotic actions of the camp administration became a catalyst for uprisings that accelerated the transformation of places of captivity. A key role in organising the protests belonged to strike committees representing groups of prisoners on ethnic grounds. Specifically, Ukrainian, and Baltic prisoners took an active part in them. This shows the place and role of these nations in the camp uprisings. The practical significance of this study lies in highlighting the little-studied issue of the ways in which Ukrainian and Baltic political prisoners interacted and the impact of these contacts on the fight against the Soviet repressive apparatus in prison

The relevance of the subject under study is conditioned by the fact that in the context of Russian aggression, Ukraine is undergoing a new stage of state development, which primarily concerns its future position on the political map of the world and its role in the system of international relations. The purpose of this study was to analyse the geopolitical situation and foreign policy activities of Ukraine at the present stage of its historical development. General scientific and special research methods, including comparative, historical, and systemic, structural and functional, forecasting, institutional, and other methods, were used to solve the tasks set. The findings of this study can be considered as the identification of the stages of Ukraine's development in the diplomatic space, and the formulation of the state's foreign policy guidelines. The study described Ukraine's geopolitical strategy since independence and the state of its partnership potential at present. The study analysed the principal areas of foreign policy activities of the state authorities and the country's prospects in terms of its advancement on the world stage. The participants also identified the priorities of Ukraine's foreign policy and the problems of asserting the state in the international arena in the context of Russian aggression and the struggle for territorial integrity. The results of this study are important for government officials whose responsibilities include the development of the state's foreign policy course, as well as for scholars whose research interests include foreign policy in the European-Atlantic context and Ukraine's cooperation with foreign countries

Work entitled Forensic aspects of an incident site investigation using CBRN agents discusses the most important issues related to conducting activities at a specific site where an incident occurred with the use of chemical, radiological and biological agents known as CBRN.
The work is divided into four parts - the first discusses the most important aspects of investigating the scene of an incident, the second discusses the research activities carried out at the site of use of CBRN agents, the third presents modern methods of investigating the sites of incidents using these agents, and the fourth provides a general summary.
In Poland, conducting forensic activities at the scene of an incident, where CBRN means were used, is based on the one hand on classic methods and techniques of forensics, and on the other hand on the use of special devices for these works. They are undoubtedly a valuable solution and allow for faster and more accurate performance of specific tests.

This article presents Demaskuok as a practical tool to combat the so-called "fake news", that is, preventing the circulation of false news that misleads recipients. Fake news, also referred to as disinformation, is aimed at evoking an emotional reaction, thus creating or strengthening the existing prejudices against a person, group, in order to obtain specific and intended benefits. As history shows, many fake news were created that had an impact on their audience. The greatest field for the creators of disinformation is the Internet. Despite the fact that disinformation is ubiquitous today, this article presents a reliable 'weapon' to fight fake news. The leader in this field is Lithuania, which has discovered effective tools in the fight against propaganda and disinformation, the creator of which is Russia. The article analyzes the activities of Russian trolls spamming social networks, and at the same time highlights the roleof the so-called elves, whose task is to fight Kremlin disinformation and propaganda. It was also emphasized that the basic method of combating Russian disinformation is active and responsible social action by citizens. Lithuanian elves fighting the activities of Russian trolls become, in a way, guardians of citizenship, culture, history and those values that strengthen Lithuanian citizens' resistance to information threats.

The article describes the issue of disinformation in the mass media and the impact of disinformation on society, with particular emphasis on the legal and forensic aspect of this concept. The first part of the article contains information about the very concept of disinfor-mation, namely the first use of this word, its meanings and use. In the next part of the article, there are considerations strictly related to the issue of disinformation in the media in the legal and forensic aspect, together with the reference to relevant examples illustrating a given phe-nomenon and showing the impact on society. In a world where the mass media and public opinion play a very important role, disinformation has a huge driving force also in the legal and forensic sphere, as indicated in the article below.

The article presents the evolution of car crime. It discusses the
causes and conditions of vehicle theft. It also presents an aspect of the professionalisation
of criminals, which was infl uenced by the emergence of modern
anti-theft systems. It has also resulted in the creation of groups, among
which individuals are engaged in a specifi c task involving planning, taking
the vehicle, and then its legalisation and sale. The paper also discusses the
issues of counteracting car crime, including the importance of international
cooperation of police services and cooperation of vehicle manufacturers,
which helps to prevent such criminal acts.

W artykule zostały podjęte rozważania nad ważną rolą, jaką
zaczynają coraz częściej spełniać różne media społecznościowe w codziennej służbie rzeczników prasowych.
Zmiany, jakie można zaobserwować
w zakresie internetowych kanałów
przesyłania informacji, noszą wszelkie
znamiona rewolucji, której rozmiarów
nie można jeszcze precyzyjnie określić.
Nie rezygnując z tradycyjnych kanałów
przekazywania treści społeczeństwu
(prasa, konferencje prasowe, wywiady autoryzowane, artykuły, audycje
w stacjach radiowych i wizyty w telewizji), można zastanawiać się nad coraz większymi możliwościami, jakie
przynoszą ze sobą social media i jaką
nową rzeczywistość stwarzają. Internet
jest przede wszystkim medium interaktywnym, gdzie wiele informacji jest
przekazywanych, a nawet redagowanych, przez amatorów. Chociaż działają w dobrej wierze, to jednak nie mają
odpowiedniego przygotowania do pracy
z mediami społecznościowymi. Inaczej
jest w przypadku profesjonalnie wykształconych i przygotowanych ofi -
cerów prasowych. Najczęściej znają
świetnie zarówno problemy dziennikarzy, jak i orientują się w wewnętrznych
sprawach organów ścigania, są najbliżej zdarzeń i mają wiedzę z pierwszej
ręki — od funkcjonariuszy pełniących
służbę w terenie.
Policyjni rzecznicy prasowi mogą
początkowo przejawiać pewien konserwatyzm z racji bardzo delikatnej
materii, w obrębie której działają, jednak ostatecznie wydaje się, że niektóre
spośród przynajmniej kilkudziesięciu
światowych mediów społecznościowych
znacząco wpłyną pozytywnie na pracę
służbę prasową policji oraz służb specjalnych.

The article discusses motor vehicle theft and legalisation. Despite
modern methods of securing this kind of property, such offences are still
committed by criminals. This type of crime is determined by the large and
fast fi nancial profi ts, which criminals make not only from selling such cars,
but also from ransoms obtained from the owners for returning the stolen
vehicles. Criminal groups are also interested in vehicles carrying cargoes
that are sold by the group or become objects of ransom obtained from owners. In the article, the author presents methods and techniques of stealing
vehicles used by thieves in recent times. Moreover, the structure of criminal
groups and the individual roles of their members are discussed. Furthermore, methods of legalising vehicles through previously stolen or counterfeited documents are presented, thanks to which buyers and public authorities
are not able to get an idea of the practice. In most cases, the sale of properly
prepared vehicles and documents is carried out under the pressure of time
and attractive prices. In the last part of the article, the author presents the
issue of obtaining compensation for stolen vehicles. This type of criminal
activity is also a source of income for groups dealing with car theft.