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Abstract
This article inquires into the meaning and valence of late nineteenth-century exotic displays in Budapest, a location without the colonial stakes that apparently determined the course of the "human zoo" in most Western European contexts. It explores the reporting on ethnic shows in the metropolitan press, points out stereotypical and more idiosyncratic representations, and examines these against the background of arising scientific discourses in anthropology and ethnography. While in some corners at least the ethnic shows were understood and promoted as potential instruments of engendering a cosmopolitan sense of "being-in-the-world" for a recently emancipated province of a continental empire, the responses do not appear to have satisfied such expectations.

This paper investigates some applications of the discursive patterns and the vocabulary of Enlightenment philosophical history to themes of national history at the beginning of the period of 'national awakening' in Hungary (1770s and 1780s). This innovative language was adopted from European models where it was developed in strict reliance on the achievements of the eighteenth-century sciences of man. At the same time, when applied to confronting a theory of linguistic kinship (Finno-Ugrianism) and by implication of national origins which was at variance with the inherited master narrative on the subject (Scythianism), became instrumental in reaffirming the traditional view. It did so by underpinning a quasi-racialist 'othering', characteristic of ethno-nationalist discourses of identity arising later on in the nineteenth century, and still preserving their vigour. In all of this, the political climate of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1770s, and the fact that during this period the relevant trends of Enlightenment were predominantly embraced by nobles strongly attached to the ideology of social distinction posited by the above-mentioned master narrative, played important role.

AbstractThis article addresses the methodological issues involved in the study of interlingual translation as an avenue of reception in the history of ideas. In particular, it assesses the possible uses of linguistic contextualism and conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte) in this endeavor. It argues that both of these approaches have been, or are capable of being, far more sensitive towards the phenomenon of reception than it is usually acknowledged and, indeed, this is an area where cross-fertilization between them (often commended in general but rarely if ever in specific terms) is a practical possibility. Perspectives from Rezeptionsgeschichte may provide useful tools for building bridges between them. A few case studies in translation history are then critically examined, and on the basis of the foregoing methodological reflections propositions are made for further refining the approach taken in those case studies.

This article attempts to refine the understanding of translation, thus contributing to evaluate its role in reception theory and in the history of ideas. A discussion of on the character, theories, and practices of translation in early-modern times is its entry point of analysis. During this period, what mattered in the first place was not the extent to which the translated text succeeded or failed in making the source text and its "original" ideas accessible in the target language, but rather the extent and the way in which the source text was instrumental in pursuing the agenda set by the translator or others in compliance with specific contexts. Such a perspective on translation seems also appropriate to current modes of inquiry for which translation is not an instance of inter-cultural communication, aiming to penetrate the Other in its fullness and make it intelligible in its otherness, but a communicative act whose purposes are predominantly intra-cultural and consist in supporting domestic agendas to which the translated text looks instrumental.

The Enlightenment can usefully be conceived as a confrontation with eroding Christian and classical republican ethics. It was permeated with assumptions about women and the gendered dichotomy between public and private spheres. While William Robertson and Edmund Burke, along with many of their contemporaries, remained committed to Christian- and republican-based conceptions of virtue, they were working within a new Enlightenment paradigm. Its political agenda has to be understood by way of its configurations of beauty, taste, and morality as these relate to the imperatives and needs of modern societies of a high level of sophistication and differentiation. An examination of two themes in the work of Robertson and Burke—the nature of women in "savage" and "civilized" societies, and "beauty in distress"—reveals how long-held convictions about the character of women, especially with regard to their capacity and right to appear in the public domain, were modified and adjusted to the idea of progress, and became central to an enlightened affirmation of modern European civilization. The result had its ironies. On the one hand, a positive public and indeed political role was invented for women that is central to understanding the overall thrust of a political discourse based on politeness, civility, refinement and similar values specifically associated with modern commercial societies. On the other hand, though the complexity of this model of society gave ample scope to informal and spontaneous vehicles of social disciplining, whatever room was left for the more traditional ways of governing polities through the direct exertion of political power remained closed to women: the very features that opened for them the opportunity to play political roles through sociability in the public sphere also circumscribed them.

"This volume investigates the history of the representative assemblies of Sweden (the Riksdag), Poland (the sejm) and Hungary (the diaeta) in the final period of the ancien régime. It concentrates on the practices and ideas of parliamentarism and constitutionalism, and examines the ideologies that motivated the members of these parliaments. Attempts at the suppression as well as the restoration of the estates' power in all these three countries are examined, as well as, in the case of Hungary, the establishment of popular representation that eventually replaced the estates. These three early modern representative assemblies have never before been explored systematically in a comparative framework"--

pt. III. Society and culture. Order, hierarchy and cultural capital. The "bishops of the Hungarian crown" : a case study in the ecclesiastical, social and constitutional history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in south-eastern Europe / Joachim Bahlcke -- Levels of group loyalty at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries : Kolozsvár in the Rákóczi War of Independence / Emese Bálint -- Comparing the Enlightenment : men of letters and the intellectual milieu in eighteenth-century Naples / Anna Maria Rao -- Disorder, discipline and denunciation. Burning Germany : cities on fire, fire fighting and fire insurance in early modern Germany / Cornel Zwierlein -- Orthodox demonology and the perception of witchcraft in early modern Ukraine / Kateryna Dysa -- Punishment in sixteenth-century Hungarian towns / Blanka Szeghyová -- Word and print, education and literacy. Reading aloud : between oral and literate communication / Zoran Velagić -- A virgin deserving paradise or a whore deserving poison : manuscript tradition and printed books in Ottoman Turkish society / Orlin Sabev (Orhan Salih) -- Education and denominations in Transdanubia (1910) / Victor Karady -- Register of geographic names

Introduction : trust, happiness, and the history of European political thought / Laszlo Kontler and Mark Somos -- Toleration, trust and the travails of living together globally / John Dunn -- Ptolemy of Lucca's distrust in politics and the medieval discourse on government / Bee Yun -- Natural suspicion and reasonable trust : Machiavelli on trust in politics / Erica Benner -- Hugo Grotius on trust, its causes and effects / Hans Blom -- Fidem observandam esse : trust and fear in Hobbes and Locke / Peter Schroder -- The concept of trust in Hobbes's political philosophy / Eva Odzuck -- The formation of Leibniz's mature ethics and his Specimen polonorum / Gabor Gango -- The secularization of happiness in early eighteenth-century Italian political thought : revisiting the foundations of civil society / Adriana Luna-Fabritius -- Trust and happiness in Nikolai Karamzin's political philosophy / Vladimir Ryzhkov -- Trust and happiness in Ferdinand Tonnies' community and society / Niall Bond -- Distrust in government : a comparative historical analysis / Kalman Pocza -- Trust, heresy and rebellion : reactions to Machiavelli in the early Dutch revolt (1572-1587) / Alberto Clerici -- Privy Council deliberations on trust : the Holy Roman Empire around 1600 / Hannes Ziegler -- Trust as a concept of religious plurality during the Thirty Years' War / Ralf-Peter Fuchs -- 'No trust, no happiness'! : going beyond Locke in seventeenth-century England / Cesare Cuttica -- Adolf Fischhof and the national question in the Habsburg Empire : a problem of 'trust' and 'collaboration' amongst the nationalities of Austria (1869-1885) / Sara Lagi -- Pistis and citizens in ancient Greece / Steve Johnstone -- The concept of trust in the political thought of fifteenth-century Burgundy / Petra Schulte -- "Through the bonds of sentiment" : fraternite and politics in revolutionary France / Adrian O'Connor -- Trust and distrust in a modern dictatorship : a case study of the Soviet Union / Alexey Tikhomirov