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The article investigates the role of non-governmental organizations as subjects (actors) of Ukrainian politics of memory, as well as the mechanisms used by them to influence the formation of the historical memory of Ukrainian society. The authors resort to comparative qualitative research, using an empirical-interpretative version of the method of studying specific cases (case study). The objects of analysis are: the Center for the Study of the Liberation Movement, "Tkuma" Ukrainian Institute for Holocaust Studies, and the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. The results of the study indicate that NGOs are actively influencing the process of forming the historical memory of Ukrainian society. Methods of such influence can be both direct (through various educational activities) and indirect (through interaction with state institutions responsible for the implementation of national memory policy). The effectiveness of this influence is determined by such important factors as the availability of sponsors with significant financial means and/or lobbyists in government agencies and institutions that are part of the state memory policy infrastructure.

The article investigates the role of non-governmental organizations as subjects (actors) of Ukrainian politics of memory, as well as the mechanisms used by them to influence the forma- tion of the historical memory of Ukrainian society. The authors resort to comparative qualita- tive research, using an empirical-interpretative version of the method of studying specific cases (case study). The objects of analysis are: the Center for the Study of the Liberation Movement, "Tkuma" Ukrainian Institute for Holocaust Studies, and the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. The results of the study indicate that NGOs are actively influencing the process of form- ing the historical memory of Ukrainian society. Methods of such influence can be both direct (through various educational activities) and indirect (through interaction with state institutions responsible for the implementation of national memory policy). The effectiveness of this influence is determined by such important factors as the availability of sponsors with significant financial means and/or lobbyists in government agencies and institutions that are part of the state memory policy infrastructure. ; Artykuł bada rolę organizacji pozarządowych jako podmiotów (aktorów) ukraińskiej polityki pamięci, a także stosowane przez nich mechanizmy wpływające na kształtowanie pamięci historycznej społeczeństwa ukraińskiego. Autorzy stosują porównawcze badania jakościowe, wykorzystując empiryczno-interpretacyjną wersję metody badania konkretnych przypadków (studium przypadku). Przedmiotami analizy są: Centrum Badań Ruchu Wyzwolenia, Ukraiński Instytut Badań nad Holokaustem "Tkuma" oraz Centrum Pamięci o Holokauście Babyn Yar. Wyniki badań wskazują, że organizacje pozarządowe aktywnie wpływają na proces kształtowania pamięci historycznej społeczeństwa ukraińskiego. Wpływ ten może być wywierany za- równo metodami bezpośrednimi (poprzez różnorodne działania edukacyjne), jak i pośrednimi (poprzez interakcje z instytucjami państwowymi odpowiedzialnymi za wdrażanie krajowej polityki pamięci). Skuteczność tego wpływu zależy od tak ważnych czynników, jak dostępność sponsorów dysponujących znacznymi środkami finansowymi i/lub lobbystów w agencjach rządowych i instytucjach będących częścią infrastruktury polityki pamięci państwa.

The article investigates the role of non-governmental organizations as subjects (actors) of Ukrainian politics of memory, as well as the mechanisms used by them to influence the formation of the historical memory of Ukrainian society. The authors resort to comparative qualitative research, using an empirical-interpretative version of the method of studying specific cases (case study). The objects of analysis are: the Center for the Study of the Liberation Movement, "Tkuma" Ukrainian Institute for Holocaust Studies, and the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. The results of the study indicate that NGOs are actively influencing the process of forming the historical memory of Ukrainian society. Methods of such influence can be both direct (through various educational activities) and indirect (through interaction with state institutions responsible for the implementation of national memory policy). The effectiveness of this influence is determined by such important factors as the availability of sponsors with significant financial means and/or lobbyists in government agencies and institutions that are part of the state memory policy infrastructure. ; Artykuł bada rolę organizacji pozarządowych jako podmiotów (aktorów) ukraińskiej polityki pamięci, a także stosowane przez nich mechanizmy wpływające na kształtowanie pamięci historycznej społeczeństwa ukraińskiego. Autorzy stosują porównawcze badania jakościowe, wykorzystując empiryczno-interpretacyjną wersję metody badania konkretnych przypadków (studium przypadku). Przedmiotami analizy są: Centrum Badań Ruchu Wyzwolenia, Ukraiński Instytut Badań nad Holokaustem "Tkuma" oraz Centrum Pamięci o Holokauście Babyn Yar. Wyniki badań wskazują, że organizacje pozarządowe aktywnie wpływają na proces kształtowania pamięci historycznej społeczeństwa ukraińskiego. Wpływ ten może być wywierany zarówno metodami bezpośrednimi (poprzez różnorodne działania edukacyjne), jak i pośrednimi (poprzez interakcje z instytucjami państwowymi odpowiedzialnymi za wdrażanie krajowej polityki pamięci). Skuteczność tego wpływu zależy od tak ważnych czynników, jak dostępność sponsorów dysponujących znacznymi środkami finansowymi i/lub lobbystów w agencjach rządowych i instytucjach będących częścią infrastruktury polityki pamięci państwa.

The aim of the article was to identify the current state of the process of civil society transformation in the context of political radicalism in Eastern Europe. Comparative law and statistical analysis were the main methodological tools. The research showed that the development of political radicalism in Eastern Europe leads to the transformation of civil society. A more persistent and contentious public makes new demands on the political process. It also creates multidimensional tensions and conflicts. Representatives of radicalism gain strong positions in the political environment of society by supporting illiberalism, ethno-nationalism, culture wars and alternative knowledge. The process of merging militant and violent radicalism with family ethnonationalism is ongoing in the countries of Eastern Europe. It is concluded that this phenomenon requires constant implementation of political, legal and security strategies to prevent manifestations of political radicalism. The appropriateness and prospects of the activities of the Radicalization Awareness Network, developed by the European Union, were established.

This publication examines the features of the manifestations of political absenteeism and public activism in Ukrainian society. The phenomenon, causes of political absenteeism and its impact on the socio-political life in Ukraine are studied, as well as the ways to reduce absenteeism tendencies in our society are identified. Particular attention is placed on the spread of political absenteeism among young people and other age groups, which led to low turnout in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2019 and the lowest turnout for the entire history of Ukraine in local elections in October 2020. It is shown that the introduction of foreign experience in overcoming of political absenteeism will allow to identify effective ways to reduce this phenomenon in Ukrainian society. The authors also study the phenomenon of public activism. It is noted that it gained special momentum during the Euromaidan, when political activity of citizens increased sharply against the background of total corruption in all branches of government, accompanied by a backdown from European integration course, the collapse of the army against the background of strengthening law enforcement agencies. The occupation of Crimea and Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine led to the development of volunteer battalions and volunteer movements. The authors note that in recent years the activity of citizens has focused primarily on solving pressing problems of local importance, in particular on combating illegal construction, protecting entrepreneurs from the arbitrariness of local authorities. To support the development of civic activism in Ukraine, different educational projects, online courses, trainings etc were organized. The state of public activism in Ukraine is analyzed, in particular - at the local level, aimed at establishing a real civil society, strengthening the influence of local communities to solve local problems, offers ways to improve the political culture of citizens.