Suchergebnisse

Die zeitliche und örtliche Unvereinbarkeit von Bildungsangeboten mit der eigenen Lebensführung ist mit das größte Bildungshindernis für Erwachsene. OER (Open Educational Resources, deutsch: offene Bildungsressourcen) in digitalen Formaten und ihre entsprechende Verfügbarkeit eröffnen dagegen raum- und zeitunabhängige Möglichkeiten der Weiterbildung. Bieten also OER wertvolle Chancen für BildungsaufsteigerInnen? Aber braucht es für die Lernenden nicht mehr als nur das reine Schaffen eines freien Zugangs und Zugriffs auf Materialien? Und wie steht es dabei um die Lehrenden und deren Handlungsspielräume, um die privaten Bildungsanbieter angesichts wachsender Konkurrenz? Der vorliegende Beitrag sucht nach Antworten auf diese Fragen und stützt sich dabei auf den im Rahmen des 2. OER Weltkongresses der UNESCO 2017 entwickelten "Ljubljana OER Action Plan". Fazit des Autors: Ohne die Bereitschaft der maßgeblichen Akteurinnen und Akteure in der Erwachsenenbildung auf politischer, institutioneller und individueller Ebene, das Experiment OER zu wagen, wird sich das Konzept im Mainstream schwerlich etablieren können. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The incompatibility of the time and location of educational offerings with one's lifestyle is the greatest obstacle to education for adults. OER (Open Educational Resources) in digital formats and their availability open up possibilities for continuing education that are independent of time and place. Do OER offer valuable opportunities to people experiencing educational advancement? But don't learners need something more than the simple creation of free access and availability of materials? And what about the instructors and their spheres of influence, what about the private educational providers in light of growing competition? This article searches for answers to these questions based on the Ljubljana OER Action Plan developed during the second World OER Congress organized by UNESCO in 2017. The author concludes that if significant players in adult education are not ready to risk the OER experiment at political, institutional and individual levels, it will be difficult for the concept to become mainstream. (DIPF/Orig.)

Dieses Critical Review basiert auf einer Synthese aus 41 größtenteils internationalen empirischen Studien sowie auf kontextbildender Literatur aus Forschung und Praxis aus den Jahren 2016 bis 2019. Es bietet einen Überblick zu Implikationen der Digitalisierung für das Lehrpersonal in der Erwachsenen- und Weiterbildung (nachfolgend: EB/WB) in Bezug auf (1) Kompetenzen, (2) Haltung bzw. Rolle (3) Aus- und Fortbildung sowie (4) relevante Trends. Es zeigt sich, dass die Digitalisierung hohe Anforderungen an die Kompetenzen der Lehrenden in den Bereichen Didaktik, Methodik, Kommunikation, Interaktion und Organisation stellt. Es existieren fundierte Kompetenzmodelle, die sich für die systematische Erfassung der digitalen Kompetenzen eignen, aber noch entsprechend operationalisiert und gegebenenfalls empirisch getestet werden müssen. Die professionelle Haltung von Lehrenden im Umgang mit digitalen Technologien und der zu beobachtende Rollenwandel vom Wissensvermittelnden hin zum Lernbegleitenden insbesondere auch in digitalen Lernformaten sind zentrale Elemente bei der Digitalisierung in der EB/WB. Die Aneignung digitaler Kompetenzen verläuft vor allem informell bzw. im Selbststudium und dementsprechend heterogen. Geeignete Fortbildungsmaßnahmen sollten effizient und praxisnah gestaltet und durch Peers oder die eigene Institution unterstützt werden. Die Themen Kompetenzen, Aus- und Fortbildung sowie der Rollenwandel von Lehrenden im Rahmen der Digitalisierung bleiben auch perspektivisch relevant. Abschließend werden auf Basis des Reviews Implikationen für Forschung, Politik und Bildungspraxis diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.) ; This critical review is based on a synthesis of 41 mostly international empirical studies as well as context literature published between 2016 and 2019. It provides an overview of the implications digitisation has on teachers and trainers in adult and continuing education and training in terms of (1) competences, (2) roles and attitudes, (3) continuing education and training, (4) relevant future trends. Digitisation places high demands on the teachers' competences regarding didactics, methodology, communication, interaction, and organisation. There are well-grounded competence models that are appropriate to systematically map digital competences, but their operationalisation and empirical testing are still lacking. The professional attitudes of teachers and trainers in adult and continuing education and training towards digital technologies and the perceivable change of their role from conveyor of knowledge to facilitator/curator especially in digital environments are crucial for the process of digitisation. Teachers and trainers acquire digital competences informally and thus heterogeneously. Appropriate courses need to be designed efficiently and aligned to teaching practice, supported by peers or the connected institution. Competences, further education and training as well as the changing roles of teachers and trainers within the scope of digitisation will remain relevant issues. Further implications for policy and the practice of adult and continuing education and training are discussed based on the findings. (DIPF/Orig.)

Die Umweltprobenbank hat die Fischart Brassen als Bioindikator für Binnengewässer ausgewählt. Die Fische werden seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre in größeren Flüssen gefangen, eingelagert und auf Umweltgifte untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, ob die Chemikalienbelastung in den Proben mit der Zeit zu- oder abnimmt. Die Ergebnisse können dann die Verwendung einer Chemikalie in Frage stellen und die Politik zum Handeln auffordern - oder Entwarnung geben. Diese Broschüre stellt die Arbeit der Umweltprobenbank anhand des Brassen vor.

AbstractBackgroundEuropean chemicals management aims to protect human health and the environment from legacy and emerging contaminants. The plasticizer market changed in response to the restriction of low molecular weight (LMW) phthalate plasticizers such as Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) due to their hazardous properties. We investigated patterns and trends of 19 regulated and emerging plasticizers in house dust from German homes and in suspended particulate matter (SPM) from major German rivers. The samples were used from the mid-2000s and late 2010s from two governmental long-term monitoring programs in Germany.ResultsWhile the sum of the respective plasticizer levels hardly changed over the study period, we observed a significant decrease of LMW phthalates in both house dust (2003/06, 80% of the ∑plasticizer concentration; 2014/17, 31%) and SPM (2005, 48%; 2017, 28%). This was accompanied by their substitution with high molecular weight (HMW) phthalates and non-phthalates. HMW phthalates increased from 19% of the ∑plasticizer concentration to 46% between the mid-2000s and the late 2010s in house dust, and from 50% to 63% in SPM samples. Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) replaced DEHP as the dominant plasticizer in both compartments. A significant tenfold increase (p < 0.05) was observed in SPM samples for Di (2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) (1–13%), compared to low levels in house dust (2014/17, 1%). Non-phthalates increased to 23% of the ∑plasticizer concentration in house dust but only to 9% in SPM (mid-2000s: house dust, < 1%; SPM, 1.5%). In recent house dust samples, Di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) had the third highest concentration of all plasticizers and contributed 18% to the total load, whereas Tris (2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) was one of the major non-phthalates in SPM samples.ConclusionsUnlike in the indoor environment, the substitution of LMW phthalates in the aquatic environment was characterized by a significant shift towards plasticizers with potentially hazardous properties. DPHP and TOTM were identified by European chemical regulation as potentially endocrine disrupting compounds and persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic compounds. Our data document the need for integrated chemicals management to safeguard the transition to a non-toxic environment.

AbstractBackgroundThe trophic magnification factor (TMF) is a metric that describes the average trophic magnification of a chemical through a food web. TMFs may be used for the risk assessment of chemicals, although TMFs for single compounds can vary considerably between studies despite thorough guidance available in the literature to eliminate potential sources of error. The practical realization of a TMF investigation is quite complex and often only a few chemicals can be investigated due to low sample masses. This study evaluated whether a pragmatic approach involving the large-scale cryogenic sample preparation practices of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is feasible. This approach could provide sufficient sample masses for a reduced set of samples allowing screenings for a broad spectrum of substances and by that enabling a systematic comparison of derived TMFs. Furthermore, it was assessed whether plausible TMFs can be derived with the 'Food web on ice' approach via a comparison with literature TMF values.ResultsThis investigation at Lake Templin near Potsdam is the first TMF study for a German freshwater ecosystem and aimed to derive TMFs that are appropriate for regulatory purposes. A set of 15 composite biota samples was obtained and analyzed for an extended set of benchmark chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants, mercury and perfluoroalkyl substances. TMFs were calculated for all substances that were present in > 80% of the biota samples. For example, in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls, TMFs from 1.7 to 2.5 were determined and comparisons to literature TMFs determined in other freshwater ecosystems showed similarities. We showed that 32 out of 35 compounds analyzed had TMFs significantly above 1. In the remaining three cases, the correlations were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe derived food web samples allow for an on-demand analysis and are ready-to-use for additional investigations. Since substances with non-lipophilic accumulation properties were also included in the list of analyzed substances, we conclude that the 'Food web on ice' provides samples which could be used to characterize the trophic magnification potential of substances with unknown bioaccumulation properties in the future which in return could be compared directly to the benchmarking patterns provided here.

Abstract
Background
Descriptor 8 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (Directive 2008/56/EC) addresses the good environmental status with regard to pollution of marine waters by chemical contaminants. Commission decision (EU) 2017/848 lays down the criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. Member States, in regional or subregional cooperation, shall establish lists of relevant contaminants beside those already covered by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). To provide information on emerging contaminants in marine biota, the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has compiled data of blue mussels and eelpouts from coastal sites in the North and Baltic Seas. Substances identified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as of emerging concern for the marine environment have been used as a starting point.

Results and conclusions
The study presents data of 19 emerging flame retardants and degradation products, 40 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and three cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS). Among the emerging flame retardants, only Dec 602 was detected in all samples of 2015. Dec 604, Cl10-antiDP, 1,5-DPMA, EH-TBB, PBEB, TBP-AE, BATE, BTBPE and HBBz were constantly < limit of quantification (LOQ). Time trends were barely detected. Legacy PBDE still dominates in most samples. PFAS concentrations were usually higher in samples from the North Sea sites compared to samples from the Baltic Sea. PFOS dominated in most samples. Increasing trends over time were detected for PFNA, PFDA and PFDoDA at the Baltic Sea site and for PFDA at one North Sea site. Concentrations of the cVMS D4, D5 and D6 were below the detection limit at the ESB sampling sites. Based on the results, it should be considered to include the emerging flame retardants DP and Dec 602 and the long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA in a regular monitoring in the North and Baltic Seas.

AbstractHuman-induced biodiversity loss and changes in community composition are major challenges of the present time, urgently calling for comprehensive biomonitoring approaches to understand system dynamics and to inform policy-making. In this regard, molecular methods are increasingly applied. They provide tools for fast and high-resolution biodiversity assessments and can also focus on population dynamics or functional diversity. If samples are stored under appropriate conditions, this will enable the analysis of DNA, but also RNA and proteins from tissue or from non-biological substrates such as soil, water, or sediments, so-called environmental DNA (eDNA) or eRNA. Until now, most biodiversity studies using molecular methods rely on recent sampling events, although the benefit of analyzing long-time series is obvious. In this context Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) can play a crucial role, supplying diverse and well-documented samples collected in periodically repeated sampling events, and following standardized protocols. Mainly assembled for integrative monitoring of chemical compounds, ESB collections are largely accessible to third parties and can in principle be used for molecular analysis. While ESBs hold great potential for the standardized long-time storage of environmental samples, the cooperation with Biodiversity Biobanks as scientific collections guarantees the long-time storage of nucleotide (DNA, RNA) extracts together with links to analytical results and metadata. The present contribution aims to raise the awareness of the biodiversity research community regarding the high-quality samples accessible through ESBs, encourages ESBs to collect and store samples in DNA-friendly ways, and points out the high potential of combining DNA-based approaches with monitoring chemicals and other environmental stressors.

Ziel dieses Vorhabens war die Etablierung eines innovativen Monitoringansatzes für Fisch- und Schwebstoffproben auf Basis von generischen Analysenmethoden. Dazu wurden Extraktions- und Analysenmethoden, die eine große Bandbreite an Analyten erfassen, entwickelt und validiert. An ersten Schwebstoffprobensätzen wurden drei Datenauswertungs-Ansätze für eine retrospektive Betrachtung getestet: i) Datenbank gestützte Suche, ii) Suspect-Screening, iii) Unknown-Screening. Anhand der Ergebnisse und durch einen Abgleich mit vorhandenen Quantifizierungsdaten wurden die Chancen und Limitierungen der Screening-Ansätze kritisch beurteilt. Mit Hilfe der Screening-Ansätze konnten verschiedene Fragestellungen bzgl. Vorkommen und Verteilung sowie Priorisierung von Schadstoffen erfolgreich bearbeitet werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Art der Analysen viel Potential zur Verbesserung der Gewässerüberwachung und Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit von Minderungs- bzw. Verbesserungsmaßnahmen beinhalten. Allerdings zeigten sich Limitierungen bezüglich der Nachweisstärke, so dass das Screening für sehr niedrige Schadstoffkonzentrationen (<1 ng/g) nicht geeignet ist. Vor allem im Fall von Biotaproben zeigten sich auf Grund der komplexen Matrix starke Einschränkungen bezüglich der Anwendbarkeit im niedrigen Konzentrationsbereich. Hier sind Optimierung in Bezug auf die Probenvorbereitung und Datenaufnahme/-auswertung notwendig. Die neu entwickelten Methoden sollen zukünftig zum Aufbau digitaler Probenarchive dienen und so die Identifizierung und Priorisierung neuartiger Schadstoffe in Biotaproben und Schwebstoffen ermöglichen.