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"It's Fun at First". Cultural Blogging – Between Late Capitalism and Non-Work

Capitalism in its contemporary, late form does not break away from its constitutive principles – that is the actions aimed at accumulating resources – but significantly changes nature of the key capital. No longer land or labour, but knowledge, information or technology become the elements determining the position of a person on the market. Under these circumstances, the notion of "non-work" emerges, which includes activities seemingly unrelated to capitalist priorities, but still not in the direct opposition to them. One of the areas of such non-work phenomena was the Polish cultural blogosphere. Its representatives are an example of how people operating in the field of culture – especially on the Internet – combined instrumental and existential values in their activities. For this combination to be effective, it requires the collection and interpretation of relevant data that enables us to measure the achievement level of the goals set. In the case of the surveyed bloggers – also due to the specificity of their work – these measures were often not used properly.

The article discusses the book Die Geburt des russländischen Imperiums by Ricarda Vulpius, a publication that tracks the emergence of the conceptual background for governing the growing Russian Empire in the eighteenth century, when territorial gains rendered the country increasingly multinational, multi-faith and multicultural. In this paper, the book was treated as an inspiration for examining the relationship between the practices employed by Russia on newly acquired territories in the east and south of Asia, described by Vulpius in the book, and the Russian Empire's policy towards Poland.

The article discusses the book Die Geburt des russländischen Imperiums by Ricarda Vulpius, a publication that tracks the emergence of the conceptual background for governing the growing Russian Empire in the eighteenth century, when territorial gains rendered the country increasingly multinational, multi-faith and multicultural. In this paper, the book was treated as an inspiration for examining the relationship between the practices employed by Russia on newly acquired territories in the east and south of Asia, described by Vulpius in the book, and the Russian Empire's policy towards Poland.

p. 223-240 ; The article discusses the book Die Geburt des russländischen Imperiums by Ricarda Vulpius, a publication that tracks the emergence of the conceptual background for governing the growing Russian Empire in the eighteenth century, when territorial gains rendered the country increasingly multinational, multi-faith and multicultural. In this paper, the book was treated as an inspiration for examining the relationship between the practices employed by Russia on newly acquired territories in the east and south of Asia, described by Vulpius in the book, and the Russian Empire's policy towards Poland. ; s. 223-240 ; Dotyczy książki: Die Geburt des Russländischen Imperiums : Herrschaftskonzepte und -praktiken im 18. Jahrhundert / von Ricarda Vulpius. - Wien ; Köln ; Weimar : Böhlau Verlag, 2020. ; The article discusses the book Die Geburt des russländischen Imperiums by Ricarda Vulpius, a publication that tracks the emergence of the conceptual background for governing the growing Russian Empire in the eighteenth century, when territorial gains rendered the country increasingly multinational, multi-faith and multicultural. In this paper, the book was treated as an inspiration for examining the relationship between the practices employed by Russia on newly acquired territories in the east and south of Asia, described by Vulpius in the book, and the Russian Empire's policy towards Poland.

Digital Shadow – "Shady" Elements of Internet Fandoms

Contemporary socio-economic changes affect organizations and management. Management processes more and more often concern spheres and groups that go beyond the "traditional"understanding of the organization. Among them are online communities such as fandoms. Along with the process of organizing, the organizational shadow is emerging. Organizational shadow is defined as "a set of unacceptable features, tendencies, aspirations rejected in the process of socialization" (Kostera 2014, s. 23), the appearance and functioning of which is negated or hidden within the organization. Fandoms are governed by slightly different rules, often more variable and more difficult to identify than in formal organizations. That does not make them free from "shady"elements such as certain people, activities, features and values that do not match the current shape of the community. The article describes fandoms as new, informal organizational forms and subjects of management processes, and then identifies examples of the emergence of organizational shadow within them. These are three main causes of such a shadow manifestation –excessive control (e.g., of the forum moderator), undisclosed actions of administrators of the internet platform used by the group, as well as negligence (e.g., forgetting someone's contribution to the project). The conclusions indicate the need for a further, in-depth identification of the elements influencing the development of the shadow in non-standard organizational forms.

Celem publikacji było określenie form, w jakich definicje cząstkowe występują w tekstach aktów prawnych, oraz szukanie innych jeszcze możliwych form ich stosowania. Analizie poddano koncepcję Rudolfa Carnapa dotyczącą nieadekwatności definicji równościowych przy próbach definiowania pojęć dyspozycyjnych. Przedstawiono rozważania dotyczące współczesnych poglądów na kwestię definiowania w tekstach aktów prawnych oraz mające zastosowanie do przedmiotu opracowania reguły zawarte w zasadach techniki prawodawczej. W pracy wykazano możliwość stosowania definicji cząstkowych jako definicji legalnych oraz sformułowano postulat wzbudzenia dyskusji dotyczącej możliwości wprowadzania do tekstów aktów prawnych definicji innych niż równościowe.

Body height and mass were determined in girls aged 10.5-18.5 years in three periods: 1977 (n = 1028), 1987 (n = 1255) and in 1997 (n = 1992). The families of those girls were classified into three categories: farmers, farmer-workers and non-farmers. The economical crisis affected predominantly the rural non-farmer population while farmers were most independent from food rationing. After the change of the system and after the state-owned and co-operative farms had been dissolved, the economical situation of the rural non-farmer population worsened further, which showed in the biological parameters of girls.

In the judgment in question, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for the first time ever carried out such broad interpretation of Article 9 (2) (2) (e) of Directive 2011/95/EU in the context of non-formalized refusal to perform military service by a young Syrian who escaped from his country of origin. The paper analyses the impact of the CJEU judgment on the functioning of the guarantee of the right to conscientious objection to military service within the EU asylum law. It also asks two key questions. First, in the light of the analysed judgment, should any potential Syrian conscript who in reality does not support the government (non-opportunist) and who evades military service be granted protection? Secondly, do all Syrian conscripts who join the army make themselves subject in the future to automatic exclusion from protection? ; W glosowanym orzeczeniu Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE) po raz pierwszy dokonał tak szerokiej wykładni art. 9 ust. 2 lit. e dyrektywy 2011/95/EU w kontekście niesformalizowanej odmowy służby wojskowej dokonanej przez młodego Syryjczyka, który uciekł z kraju pochodzenia. Autorka analizuje wpływ wyroku TSUE na funkcjonowanie gwarancji prawa do podyktowanej sumieniem odmowy odbycia służby wojskowej w ramach unijnego prawa azylowego. Stawia również dwa kluczowe pytania. Po pierwsze, czy w świetle analizowanego wyroku każdy potencjalny syryjski poborowy, realnie niepopierający rządu (nieoportunista), uchylający się od służby wojskowej, powinien uzyskać ochronę? Po drugie, czy wszyscy syryjscy poborowi wstępujący do armii poddają się in futuro automatycznemu wykluczeniu z ochrony?