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W 2022 roku Federację Rosyjską dotknęły dwie fale migracji. Pierwsza z nich nastąpiła po inwazji na Ukrainę 22 lutego i nałożeniu na Rosję zachodnich sankcji, zaś druga wywołana została ogłoszeniem częściowej mobilizacji we wrześniu tego samego roku. Spośród państw postradzieckich największa liczba migrantów rosyjski napłynęła do Gruzji, Kazachstanu oraz Armenii. Niektórzy migrujący Rosjanie zamierzają pozostać w kraju przyjmującym na dłużej, dla innych jest to jedynie etap przejściowy przed dalszą emigracją. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje ekonomiczne aspekty rosyjskiej emigracji: przepływ ludzi, kapitału oraz biznesu na nowe rynki, ich wpływ na sektory bankowe oraz wskaźniki makroekonomiczne Gruzji, Kazachstanu i Armenii.

Republic of Belarus begins the third decade of the 21st century with numerous problems, which include the unstable socio-political situation, broken dialogue and relations with the international environment, and Western sanctions. All these factors have caused a lot of turbulence in the Belarusian economy. This article is an attempt to examine the economic security of Belarus in the period of the depletion of the current economic model, the reduction of Russian energy subsidies, the Covid-19 pandemic and the political crisis resulting from the rigged presidential elections in August 2020. Data from the Belarusian Bielstat database, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and rating agencies will be used as source materials.

The purpose of this article is to assess the level of economic security of the Republic of Azerbaijan during the economic transformation of the 1990s. The analyzed period was divided into two stages: the transformation crisis (1992–1995) and economic stabilization and recovery (1996–2000). The strengths and weaknesses of the resource state were also discussed.
The analysis showed that the economic policy of Gaidar Aliyev and the choice of the raw material model of the economy allowed to stabilize the economy in the second half of the 1990s and to initiate a period of economic growth. Thanks to the implemented reforms and investments in the oil and gas sector, the level of economic security in Azerbaijan has increased. The low standard of living of the citizens remained an unresolved problem. Moreover, the growing dependence of the state on the production and sale of oil became a challenge for the economic policy of the Azerbaijani authorities in the following years.

Since the invasion of Ukraine on 24th February 2022, Russia has faced unprecedented economic sanctions imposed by the West. The EU has implemented nine sanction packages against the aggressor since the beginning of the war, with the aim of destabilising the Russian financial sector, its trading system, logistics and energy cooperation agreements. Not only the EU, but also the USA have imposed a number of economic restrictions against Russia. As long as the Western sanctions are in place, the macroeconomic indicators in the Russian Federation are expected to fall yearly and the country will slide into a long-term crisis. The poorest countries of Central Asia, critically reliant on Russian support, have found themselves in dire straits. This article analyses the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the socio-economic situation in the Republic of Tajikistan.

Po inwazji na Ukrainę 24 lutego 2022 roku Rosja mierzy się z bezprecedensowymi sankcjami gospodarczymi nałożonymi przez państwa zachodnie. Od początku wojny UE wprowadziła przeciwko agresorowi dziewięć pakietów sankcyjnych, licząc na wywołanie zawirowań w rosyjskim sektorze finansowy, w obrębie wymiany handlowej, logistyki czy współpracy energetycznej. Obok UE, również USA wprowadziły szereg restrykcji gospodarczych wobec Rosji. W sytuacji obowiązywania i przedłużania zachodnich sankcji gospodarczych możemy spodziewać się, iż wskaźniki makroekonomiczne Federacji Rosyjskiej z roku na rok będą się pogarszać, zaś kraj pogrąży się w wieloletnim kryzysie. W trudnej sytuacji gospodarczej znalazły się najbiedniejsze państwa Kaukazu Południowego oraz Azji Centralnej uzależnione w stopniu krytycznym od rosyjskiego wsparcia ekonomicznego. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje wpływ antyrosyjskich sankcji na społeczno-gospodarczą sytuację Republiki Armenii.

ECONOMICS – POLITICS – SOCIETY: SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION SINCE THE OPENING TILL THE CLOSURE OF THE BORDERS – RUSSIA AFTER 1991
The article presents the breakthrough moments of the transformation of Russia as a dynamic system of interconnected elements and phenomena from the area of politics, economy and social life. The research period covered the years 1991-2021. The theoretical and methodological framework was provided by Marian Mazur's systemic approach. It allowed to assess the system through the prism of the functionality of its main modules and the deliberate impact on the environment. As a result, a model of the system was provided. It allows to recognize, order, and predict the processes within the system. The final conclusions are the following: Since 1991, Russia, included in the system treated as the interaction of three functional modules: power, management, and information, has gone through a path that has led its inhabitants back to the Soviet-era scheme. The above-mentioned modules, functioning in democratic countries independently, in the case of Russia merged into one – previously managed. The latter took over the functions of the others, becoming the source of all information. On the one hand, it acts as a centrifugal force, generating the binding perspective of reality, and on the other hand, it has a centripetal character, attracting all resources to maintain its status quo.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the specificity and economic, informational, and human potential of the Belarusian opposition as sufficient or insufficient to replace Lukashenko's government. The complexity of the issue requires a multidisciplinary approach, which embraces knowledge of such areas as economy, media, international relations, social processes, and information management. The concept of homeostat was applied as a theoretical tool. It is treated as the module whose task is maintaining a functional balance of the system from the perspective of current processes.

The paper sheds new light on the Russian Federation's economic security problem in the face of sanctions and changing geopolitical balance in Central Asia. The novelty of the research perspective and, subsequently, the results and conclusions are expressed by combining an economic perspective with a cultural-political and media-centered approach. There were analysed the range of Russo-Iranian economic cooperation, the factors that make Iran a prospective partner for Russia and the role of the Russian media in shaping the picture of friendly future in bilateral relations. The conclusions are that the Russian "turn to the South" – towards Iran – was provoked not only by the sanctions imposed which decreased the economic security level but it also resulted from the previously established patterns of the Russian foreign policy.