Suchergebnisse

Résumé Kouaouci (Ali). - Essai de reconstitution de la pratique contraceptive en Algérie durant la période 1967-1987 L'enquête nationale algérienne sur la fécondité (ENAF) est la première enquête de grande envergure ayant permis de mesurer l'extension de la pratique contraceptive dans les divers groupes de la population algérienne distingués par l'âge, la durée du mariage, le nombre d'enfants déjà nés, l'habitat, etc. Mais, en outre, quelques questions rétrospectives sur la pratique au cours des divers intervalles entre naissances permettent de retracer la diffusion de ces comportements au fil du temps et d'en préciser les intentions (arrêt ou espacement). On voit alors comment cette dynamique a anticipé sur la reconnaisance politique de l'intérêt d'une régulation des naissances et s'est installée en dépit des préceptes religieux.

L'Algérie a connu une décennie noire, de 1991 à 2000, marquée par la violence politique, qui aurait causé environ 200 000 morts, a fait reculer les mariages et les naissances et a occasionné de grands mouvements de population. La violence a considérablement diminué depuis les années 2000 et le présent document tente d'évaluer la façon dont la fécondité, la mortalité et la migration ont pu changer au cours de la période de violence et après le retour d'une paix relative. Se peut-il que les techniques indirectes utilisées au niveau régional clarifient la question ? L'Algérie a effectué trois recensements généraux de la population et de l'habitat (1987, 1998 et 2008) en adoptant la même division en 48 wilayates (provinces). Nous allons utiliser ces 3 recensements, ainsi que les données d'état civil et l'enquête MICS de 2006. La technique indirecte ADJASFR a été très utile et a fourni des estimations de l'indice synthétique de fécondité très proches de l'indice direct tiré du recensement de 1998. La migration forcée explique, en partie, les changements observés dans la fécondité et la mortalité.

Gelişmiş ülkeler bugün, uluslararası göçün etkisiyle çeşitli ve çok kavimli bir yapıya ulaştılar. Uluslararası göçü açıklayan tek ve kapsamlı kuramsal açıklama henüz mevcut değil. Bu tartışmanın amacı çeşitli modellerin temel varsayımlarını ve hipotezlerini netleştirmek ve bütüncül bir biçimde sunabilmekti. Kuramlar göçün başlangıcı ve daha sonra uluslararası yaygınlaşmasını açıklamaya çalışanlar olarak ayrışmışlardı. Başlangıç kuramları arasında şunlar vardır: 1) yeni klasik ekonominin makro kuramı; 2) yeni klasik ekonominin mikro kuramları; 3) hasat sigorta piyasalarına, vadeli işlem piyasalarına, işsizlik sigortasına ve sermaye piyasalarına atıfta bulunan yeni ekonomi kuramı; 4) çifte pazar kuramı ve yapısal enflasyon, motivasyon sorunları, ekonomik dualizm ve emek arzının demografisi; ve 5) dünya sistemleri kuramı ve toprak, ham madde, emek, maddi bağlar, ideolojik bağlar ve küresel şehirler. Yaygınlaşma kuramları ise azalan risk ve maliyetlere vurgu yapan ağlar kuramı; kurumsal kuram; gelir ve toprak dağıtımı, tarımsal üretimin örgütlenmesi, göç kültürü, beşeri sermayenin bölgesel dağılımı, ve toplumsal adlandırma faktörleri üzerinden tartışılan biriken- kümülatif nedensellik; ve göç sistemleri kuramını kapsar. Bu kuramların varsayım ve önermeleri farklı olsa da esas olarak birbiriyle çelişmezler ancak çok farklı siyasetlerin oluşmasına yol açmışlardır. Önümüzdeki on yıllarda verilecek siyasi kararlar çok önemli olacak ve yanlış anlamalara ve çatışmalara yol açma potansiyeli taşımaktadırlar. Bu modellere dayanarak göç edilen ülkelerdeki ücret ve istihdam şartlarının düzenlenmesine yönelebilen siyasetler oluşturulabilir veya köken ülkelerde pazar ekonomisinin yapısal değişimini öngören kalkınmayı teşvik edici siyasetlere yol açılabilir. ENGLISH TITLETheories of International Migration: A Review and AppraisalENGLISH ABSTRACTThe configuration of developed countries has become today diverse and multiethnic, due to international migration. A single, coherent theoretical explanation for international migration is lacking. The aim of this discussion was the generation and integration of current theories that clarify basic assumptions and hypotheses of the various models. Theories were differentiated as explaining the initiation of migration and the perpetuation of international movement. Initiation theories discussed were 1) macro theories of neoclassical economics; 2) micro theories of neoclassical economics; 3) the new economics, with examples for crop insurance markets, futures markets, unemployment insurance, and capital markets; 4) dual labor market theory and structural inflation, motivational problems, economic dualism, and the demography of labor supply; and 5) world systems theory and the impacts of land, raw materials, labor, material links, ideological links, and global cities. Perpetuation theories were indicated as network theories of declining risks and costs; institutional theory, cumulative causation through distribution of income and land, organization of agrarian production, culture of migration regional distribution of human capital, and social labeling factors; and migration systems theory. The assumptions and propositions of these theories, although divergent, were not inherently contradictory, but had very different implications for policy formulation. The policy decisions over the next decades will be very important and carry with them the potential for misunderstanding and conflict. Policy options based on the explicated models range from regulation by changing wages and employment conditions in destination countries or promoting development in countries of origin to changing structural market economic relations.

Examines contemporary theories of international migration that focus on the commencement of international movement & why certain transnational population flows persist across space & time. A detailed look at each individual theory is followed by a comparison of the different conceptual frameworks that points out areas of logical inconsistency & substantive disagreement. The models are empirically evaluated in order to move toward the formation of an accurate & comprehensive theory of international migration for the 21st century. Specific models considered include micro & macro theories of neoclassical economics; dual labor market theory; cumulative causation theory; world systems theory; network theory; institutional theory; & migration system theory. The various conceptual schemes are evaluated to show that theories aimed at understanding contemporary processes of international migration exhibit causal mechanisms that operate at widely divergent levels of analysis that have very different implications for policy formation. Emphasis is placed on the need to integrate these theoretical schemes in light of their relative empirical support. References. J. Lindroth

Martinez, Luis: Why the violence in Algeria? - S. 14-27 Kouaouci, Ali: Population transitions, youth unemployment, postponement of marriage and violence in Algeria. - S. 28-45 Layachi, Azzedine: Political liberalisation and the Islamist movement in Algeria. - S. 46-67 Henry, Clement M.: Algeria's agonies: oil rent effects in a bunker state. - S. 68-81 Quandt, William: Algeria's transition to what? - S. 82-92 Cheriet, Boutheina: Gender as a catalyst of social and political representations in Algeria. - S. 93-101 Benziane, Abdelbaki: Economic reforms in Algeria and their impact on higher education and student benefits. - S. 102-114 Akacem, Kada: Economic reforms in Algeria: an overview and assessment. - S. 115-125 Colonna, Fanny: "What has become of my friends?" Questions regarding the new Algerian "diaspora" in France. - S. 126-139 Attinà, Fulvio: The Barcelona Process, the role of the European Union and the lesson of the western Mediterranean. - S. 140-152 Akacem, Mohammed: The role of external actors in Algeria's transition. - S. 153-168 Zoubir, Yahia H.: The resurgence of Algeria's foreign policy in the twenty-first century. - S. 169-183 Tessler, Mark: The view from the street: the attitudes and values of ordinary Algerians. - S. 184-201 Entelis, John: Islamist politics and the democratic imperative: comparative lessons from the Algerian experience. - S. 202-215 Zartman, I. William: Algeria at forty: a midlife crisis. - S. 216-222