Az utóbbi időkben lényegesen megváltozott a hadseregek feladatrendszere: terrorizmus elleni harc, aszimmetrikus hadviselés, kimenekítési műveletek stb. A megváltozott feladatrendszer új kiképzési módszereket, új katonai technológiát igényel, melyekhez speciálisan megépített katonai infrastruktúra szükséges. A NATO-Biztonsági Beruházási Bizottsága által jóváhagyott gyakorlótér fejlesztés tervezése folyamatban van. Jelen publikációban a pszichikai kiképzés, az improvizált robbanóeszközök elleni védelem és a műszaki kiképzés tervezett, integrált infrastruktúráját mutatom be a funkcionális követelményekből kiindulva.
Recently, certain political, social and governmental groups have put down the changes in the Earth's climate to the effect of carbon dioxide (CO₂) of anthropogenic (human, industrial) origin. The first part of the paper provides important arguments to refute this view. Then, through the analysis of the rates of primary fuels in electricity production, it is proven what a significant rate coal types represent in the world and in some leading countries. It is also presented in detail what rates are forecast in electricity supply for the future (2020, 2035, 2050). Comments are made about the fact that in spite of her significant coal resources that can be economically exploited, Hungary is planning an unjustifiably low (4%) coal rate. ; Останнім часом певні політичні, соціальні і урядові групи ослабили свою увагу до змін в Земному кліматі, які відбуваються при викидах в атмосферу углексилого газу (CO₂) антропогенного (людський, індустріальний) походження. Перша частина статті присвячена аргументам, які спростовують ці твердження. З використанням аналізу норм використання палива у виробництві електрики, доведено, що існуючі типи вугілля можуть безпечно використовуватися у світі і в деяких лідируючих країнах. Представлені норми використання вугілля для виробництва електроенергії на перспективний період (2020, 2035, 2050). Приведені висновки про те, що, незважаючи на великі економічно доцільні можливості Угорщини по використанню вугілля для виробництва електроенергії, цей вид палива використовується недостатньо - всього на рівні 4%.
AbstractDespite the substantial impact of rivers on the global marine litter problem, riverine litter has been accorded inadequate consideration. Therefore, our objective was to detect riverine litter by utilizing middle-scale multispectral satellite images and machine learning (ML), with the Tisza River (Hungary) as a study area. The Very High Resolution (VHR) images obtained from the Google Earth database were employed to recognize some riverine litter spots (a blend of anthropogenic and natural substances). These litter spots served as the basis for training and validating five supervised machine-learning algorithms based on Sentinel-2 images [Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Random Forest (RF), Naïve Bays (NB) and Decision Tree (DT)]. To evaluate the generalization capability of the developed models, they were tested on larger unseen data under varying hydrological conditions and with different litter sizes. Besides the best-performing model was used to investigate the spatio-temporal variations of riverine litter in the Middel Tisza. According to the results, almost all the developed models showed favorable metrics based on the validation dataset (e.g., F1-score; SVC: 0.94, ANN: 0.93, RF: 0.91, DT: 0.90, and NB: 0.83); however, during the testing process, they showed medium (e.g., F1-score; RF:0.69, SVC: 0.62; ANN: 0.62) to poor performance (e.g., F1-score; NB: 0.48; DT: 0.45). The capability of all models to detect litter was bounded to the pixel size of the Sentinel-2 images. Based on the spatio-temporal investigation, hydraulic structures (e.g., Kisköre Dam) are the greatest litter accumulation spots. Although the highest transport rate of litter occurs during floods, the largest litter spot area upstream of the Kisköre Dam was observed at low stages in summer. This study represents a preliminary step in the automatic detection of riverine litter; therefore, additional research incorporating a larger dataset with more representative small litter spots, as well as finer spatial resolution images is necessary.
Green spaces are playing an essential role for ecological balance and for human health in the city as well.They play a fundamental role in providing opportunities for relaxation and enjoying the beauty of naturefor the urban population. Therefore, it is important to produce detailed vegetation maps to assist plannersin designing strategies for the optimisation of urban ecosystem services and to provide a suitable planfor climate change adaptation in one fast growing city. Hence, this research is an investigation using 0.5m high-resolution multispectral Pléiades data integrated with GIS data and techniques to detect andevaluate the spatial distribution of vegetation cover in Erbil City. A supervised classification was usedto classify different land cover types, and a normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was usedto retrieve it for the city districts. Moreover, to evaluate the accessibility of green space based on theirdistance and size, a buffer zone criterion was used. The results indicate that the built-up land coverageis 69% and vegetation land cover is 14%. Regarding NDVI results, the spatial distribution of vegetationcover was various and, in general, the lowest NDVI values were found in the districts located in the citycentre. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of vegetation land cover regarding the city districts wasnon-equal and non-concentric. The newly built districts and the districts far from the Central BusinessDistrict (CBD) recorded the lowest vegetation cover compared with the older constructed districts.Furthermore, most of the districts have a lack of access to green spaces based on their distance and size.Distance and accessibility of green areas throughout the city are not equally distributed. The majority ofthe city districts have access to green areas within radius buffer of two kilometres, whereas the lowestaccessibility observed for those districts located in the northeast of the city in particular (Xanzad,Brayate, Setaqan and Raperin). Our study is one of the first investigations of decision-making supportof the spatial planning in a fast-growing city in Iraq and will have a utilitarian impact on developmentprocesses and local and regional planning for Erbil City in the future.
