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The article analyzes the monologue and dialogic discourse in their interaction in the works of L.N. Tolstoy. The epic novel "War and Peace" and the novel "Anna Karenina" are chosen as the object of research. The subject of the research will be the Tolstoy's artistic. According to the authors of the study, these Tolstoy's works reflect the organic synthesis of the two above-mentioned typological varieties of the text. The study also reveals the nature of the differences in the phenomenon of polyphony in the works under consideration, in a theoretical aspect, the patterns associated with the peculiarity of the semantic structures of the image of the author and the main images of the characters are considered. The authors of the article connect the monologue discourse with the monologue (monophonic) image of the author in the epic novel "War and Peace", the dialogic discourse, identified with the phenomenon of polyphony, with the images of the main characters of the epic novel "War and Peace" and the novel "Anna Karenina". The study also raises the question of the ideological and philosophical prerequisites that influenced the formation of the Tolstoy's artistic system.

AbstractMany violence prevention programs include a focus on the role of bystanders and third parties in violence prevention training. Central to this work has been the classic social psychological research on the "bystander effect". However, recent research on bystander behavior shows that the bystander effect does not hold in violent or dangerous emergencies. Meta‐analyses of the literature show that the presence of others can facilitate as well as inhibit intervention in emergencies. Studies of real‐life bystander behavior captured on CCTV cameras shows that some bystander intervention is the norm and that the likelihood of bystanders being victimized is low. One reason for the limited effectiveness of violence reduction programs may be their approach to bystanders. We argue that violence reduction programs should: recognize that some intervention is likely (although it may not always be successful); see the group as a route to successful intervention rather than a threat to the likelihood of any single individual becoming an intervener; inform bystanders of the real risks of victimization; utilize the power of social relations between bystanders, victims, and perpetrators to enhance successful intervention; seek to deliver bystander intervention training in situ, rather than away from the context of the aggression or violence.

Sustainable development of rural areas is a priority in today's Russia, as evidenced by the system of regulations adopted in 2010-2015. Measures of government regulation aimed at ensuring food security and improving the living standards of the rural population include activities for the growth and modernization of agricultural production, development of the market of agricultural raw materials and food, as well as expansion and strengthening of the network of rural social infrastructure. These measures which are actively used since 2006, have failed to overcome the crisis processes in most regions, which indicates the need for revision of rural development policy. In the article the need for differentiation of government support in accordance with the typology of rural areas, considering the potential and the level of social, economic and environmental development is argued. The system of indicators and an integrated approach to assessing the sustainability of rural areas are suggested. The proposals for additional measures to support the depressed rural areas are suggested. ; peer-reviewed