Suchergebnisse

Volodymyr Kulchytsky's Studies on Tramway Horse Diseases in Lviv in 1891–1905

Volodymyr Kulchytsky (Włodzimierz Kulczycki, 1852–1936) was a veterinarian, zoologist, prominent mammal anatomist, professor, pro-rector and rector of the Academy of Veterinary Medicine in Lviv. From 1882 to 1934 he worked at the Lviv Academy of Veterinary Medicine, first as an assistant, then as a lecturer, and from 1906 as a professor, head of the Department of Descriptive Anatomy, Topography, Histology and Embryology (later, after changes, the Department of Comparative Anatomy). He also worked as a veterinarian at the Lviv Horse Tram Society, as a city veterinarian and as a veterinarian for controlling cattle and meat on the Lviv railroads. Kulchytsky's scientific output comprises about 60 publications (brief research papers, studies and scientific articles, discussions, reviews, etc.) on topics ranging from zoology, mammal anatomy, and parasites of oriental carpets. A completely unknown part of Kulchytsky's scientific biography was the hippiatric research conducted on the morbidity of locomotive transport animals. The statistics he compiled included, first and foremost, a list of diseases of tramway horses, taking into account pathological conditions directly related to the type of work performed. The documentation makes it possible to indicate the relationship between the work performed (norms and dimension of work), the city's topography, the construction of the tramway infrastructure, and the morbidity of streetcar horses.

Abstract
This article aims at presenting a Soviet model of public health service, the so-called Siemaszko model, and its implementation in the People's Republic of Poland (1944/45–1953). Based on the Marx's and Lenin's interpretations, the Soviet model assumed a universal nature of health service, financing healthcare from the public purse, full state (party) control over public health, full access to medical services for all, entire staff put on the public payroll and state education for medical personnel. After the Second World War a modified version of that model was implemented in the so-called people's democracies (i.e. communist countries). In the post-war years, a two-stage implementation of this socialist model was rolled out in the People's Republic of Poland. The first stage, in 1944–48, was based on the so-called multisector approach. The second began in 1948 and assumed a full and planned unification and nationalisation of the healthcare system.

The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline fac-tory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called "Camps", apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussen-lager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, es-pecially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony re-ports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time "the summer camp") was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.

The article analyzes the logic of transformation of social connections in modern society, the impact of new technologies of communication and continuous education on the diminishing reliance on vertical connections, increased demand for mediation and partnership building both in education and social life in general. Partnership is studied as a key paradigm of modernity, the technology of reproduction of system stability in the conditions of globalization. The authors reviewed the history of the changing attitudes to competition and partnership and the modern correlation of these approaches within the social and cultural process. The diversity of partnership cultures is shown as an attribute of societal sustainable development, the creation of a system of stable reproduction of social and cultural process. At the same time, the expanded reproduction of subjectivity makes it necessary to develop the ability and desire to maintain constant dialogue interaction in educational sphere, joint development of goals and forms of partnership. The development of mediation practices and partnerships in various areas of modern social life is studied on the basis of examples from Poland