The article is an analysis of the use of the institution of national referendum in Poland by the opposition to influence the legislative process. It examines two hypotheses: first, the opposition, by initiating the referendum process, intends to draw the attention of the state authorities to certain public issues that are important from its point of view; second, the greater the public's support for these issues, the greater the chance for those in power to include the opposition's demands in their legislation.
Artykuł stanowi analizę obywatelskiej inicjatywy referendalnej w Polsce na poziomie ogólnokrajowym. Jego celem jest weryfikacja dwóch hipotez. Pierwsza z nich zakłada, że inicjatywa ta jest wykorzystywana jedynie przez opozycję polityczną w celu: 1) próby wywarcia wpływu na rządzących, aby zrealizowali jej postulaty programowe, oraz 2) pokazania się społeczeństwu jako ta siła, która reprezentuje je, w przeciwieństwie do stronnictw tworzących rząd. Zgodnie z drugą hipotezą strona rządząca traktuje tę formę demokracji jako instrument populistycznej i demagogicznej walki o władzę, niemającej nic wspólnego z dobrem społecznym.
Artykuł analizuje międzynarodową rolę Białorusi w polityce rządów III RP. Składa się z dwóch rozdziałów. W pierwszym dokonano analizy ról deklarowanych i narzucanych, formułowanych przez decydentów polskiej polityki zagranicznej – premierów i ministrów spraw zagranicznych – kierowanych wobec wschodniego sąsiada. Rzeczpospolita Polska chciała narzucić państwu białoruskiemu żądania demokratyzacji systemu autorytarnego i przestrzegania praw człowieka oraz ułożenia poprawnych relacji z Polską i państwami zachodnimi z jednoczesnym wyjściem z rosyjskiej strefy wpływów. W zamian oferowała wschodniemu sąsiadowi pomoc w uzyskaniu pomocy materialnej i technologicznej na modernizacją państwa i poprawę warunków życia ludności oraz bliską współpracę dwustronną i regionalną. Drugi rozdział stanowi analizę rzeczywistej roli Białorusi i Polski we wzajemnych relacjach. Białoruscy decydenci nie zamierzali zmieniać istniejącego ustroju, wierząc, że pomoc ekonomiczną i wsparcie polityczno-militarne uzyskają od Rosji, natomiast wszelką ingerencję w wewnętrzne sprawy uważali za przejaw wrogości Polski i państw zachodnich. Dlatego w odpowiedzi stosowali sankcje wobec zachodnich i polskich dyplomatów i zaostrzali represje wobec opozycji, wierząc w pomoc i wsparcie ze strony Rosji w przypadku sankcji Unii Europejskiej czy NATO. ; В статье анализируется международная роль Беларуси в политике правительств Третьей Польской Республики. Она состоит из двух глав. Первая анализирует заявленные и навязанные роли, сформулированные лицами, принимающими решения в польской внешней политике – премьер-министрами и министрами иностранных дел – в отношении восточного соседа. Республика Польша хотела навязать белорусскому государству требование демокра- тизировать авторитарную систему, уважать права человека и установить правильные отноше- ния с Польшей и западными странами, одновременно оставляя российскую сферу влияния. Взамен она предложила помощь восточному соседу в получении материально-технической помощи для модернизации государства и улучшения условий жизни населения, а также тес- ного двустороннего и регионального сотрудничества. Во второй главе анализируется реальная роль Беларуси и Польши во взаимоотношениях. Белорусские лица, принимающие решения, не собирались менять существующую систему, полагая, что экономическая помощь, а также по- литическая и военная поддержка будут получены от России, но они рассматривали любое вме- шательство во внутренние дела как проявление враждебности Польши и западных государств. Поэтому в ответ они применили санкции против западных и польских дипломатов и усугубили репрессии против оппозиции, веря в помощь и поддержку со стороны России в случае санкций со стороны Европейского Союза или НАТО.
The attitude of the National Democracy towards the Soviet Union based on two factors: its political, military and economic weakness, which prevented Soviet aggressive foreign policy and common interest of Poland and the USSR, which was defence against German expansion in the East. So National Democracy wanted to have good relations with the Soviet state and objected of any intervention in internal affairs of the Soviet Union. National camp demanded from the USSR peacefulpolicy, stabilization on the Polish-Soviet border and cooperation in defending the territorial order in this part of Europe.The real relations between Poland and the USSR weren't so optimistic. The National Democracy accused communist government in Russia of the preparations to european revolution and to force all the countries to adopt totalitarian system. The ways of realization of that plan were Polish-Soviet war (1919-1920) and help given to Polish communists by the USSR in destructive activity against the Polish Republic. The National Democracy criticized east neighbour on dislike for political and economic cooperation with Poland, too. For the USSR better partners were Germany or France than poor Poland and national leaders had to resign from theirs conception of keeping close cooperation with the USSR.Poland was situated between Germany and the Soviet Union, what had grave influence on national conception of mutual relations with both neighbours. For the National Democracy Germany was the most dangerous enemy of the Polish state, so a natural partner had to be seek in the USSR. That's why, despite failures, national leaders during interwar period didn't change their main idea on good relations with the east neighbour on political and economic ground and were convinced, that the Soviet government would eventually change its foreign policy. Some political events strengthened the national camp in its conviction: a treaty of non-aggression, trade relations or influential Soviet politicians' speeches, for example ministries of foreign affairs, about the necessity of cooperation with Poland. But belief in their own conceptions caused misunderstanding of the real aims of the USSR, which were at odds with interests of Poland and based on intentions to destroy the Polish state.
The attitude of the National Democracy towards the Soviet Union based on two factors: its political, military and economic weakness, which prevented Soviet aggressive foreign policy and common interest of Poland and the USSR, which was defence against German expansion in the East. So National Democracy wanted to have good relations with the Soviet state and objected of any intervention in internal affairs of the Soviet Union. National camp demanded from the USSR peacefulpolicy, stabilization on the Polish-Soviet border and cooperation in defending the territorial order in this part of Europe.The real relations between Poland and the USSR weren't so optimistic. The National Democracy accused communist government in Russia of the preparations to european revolution and to force all the countries to adopt totalitarian system. The ways of realization of that plan were Polish-Soviet war (1919-1920) and help given to Polish communists by the USSR in destructive activity against the Polish Republic. The National Democracy criticized east neighbour on dislike for political and economic cooperation with Poland, too. For the USSR better partners were Germany or France than poor Poland and national leaders had to resign from theirs conception of keeping close cooperation with the USSR.Poland was situated between Germany and the Soviet Union, what had grave influence on national conception of mutual relations with both neighbours. For the National Democracy Germany was the most dangerous enemy of the Polish state, so a natural partner had to be seek in the USSR. That's why, despite failures, national leaders during interwar period didn't change their main idea on good relations with the east neighbour on political and economic ground and were convinced, that the Soviet government would eventually change its foreign policy. Some political events strengthened the national camp in its conviction: a treaty of non-aggression, trade relations or influential Soviet politicians' speeches, for example ministries of foreign affairs, about the necessity of cooperation with Poland. But belief in their own conceptions caused misunderstanding of the real aims of the USSR, which were at odds with interests of Poland and based on intentions to destroy the Polish state.
Polish-American relations and Iraq War in political conceptions of Liga Polskich Rodzin Liga Polskich Rodzin (League of Polish Families) had two points of view toward policy of the United States of America. On the one hand leaders of party thought, that alliance with the USA should be one of the most important principles of Polish foreign policy. Theirs attitude was connected with conviction, that partnership and good relations with American power Poland could protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in opposite German revisionism and Russian aspiration for rebuilding former political influence in Eastern Europe. Another reason conceptions for Polish- -American cooperation was conviction, that this alliance let Poland receive more economical benefits from the USA than through integration with European Union. The United States of America might be better alternative for economical and social development of Polish country than EU, because, according to attitude of LPR, American power always helps its allies, without forcing on them its diktat in internal and foreign policy. Third reason of pro-American point of view in political thought of LPR was hope, that position main American ally in continental part of Europe could let Poland become one of the more important countries in this part of the world or obtain more better conditions during negotiation with EU. On the other hand leaders of LPR knew, that more of them ideas was wishful thinking, which not to be connected with reality and main targets of American foreign policy. As a proof for it showed bad treatment of Poland and Polish citizens by the USA and disregarding interests of Polish state. These activities would be using Polish military forces in operations in Afganistan and Iraq without any compensations, for example financial help, political support in different international troubles or liquidation visa for Polish citizens. Declared ideas of Polish-American cooperation was mixed with critics policy of the USA, but LPR always stood on position supporting American power, thinking, that alliance with them was more belter solution than integrity with EU.
Polish-American relations and Iraq War in political conceptions of Liga Polskich Rodzin Liga Polskich Rodzin (League of Polish Families) had two points of view toward policy of the United States of America. On the one hand leaders of party thought, that alliance with the USA should be one of the most important principles of Polish foreign policy. Theirs attitude was connected with conviction, that partnership and good relations with American power Poland could protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity in opposite German revisionism and Russian aspiration for rebuilding former political influence in Eastern Europe. Another reason conceptions for Polish- -American cooperation was conviction, that this alliance let Poland receive more economical benefits from the USA than through integration with European Union. The United States of America might be better alternative for economical and social development of Polish country than EU, because, according to attitude of LPR, American power always helps its allies, without forcing on them its diktat in internal and foreign policy. Third reason of pro-American point of view in political thought of LPR was hope, that position main American ally in continental part of Europe could let Poland become one of the more important countries in this part of the world or obtain more better conditions during negotiation with EU. On the other hand leaders of LPR knew, that more of them ideas was wishful thinking, which not to be connected with reality and main targets of American foreign policy. As a proof for it showed bad treatment of Poland and Polish citizens by the USA and disregarding interests of Polish state. These activities would be using Polish military forces in operations in Afganistan and Iraq without any compensations, for example financial help, political support in different international troubles or liquidation visa for Polish citizens. Declared ideas of Polish-American cooperation was mixed with critics policy of the USA, but LPR always stood on position supporting American power, thinking, that alliance with them was more belter solution than integrity with EU.
Bibliografia na stronie 125. ; Streszczenie w języku angielskim, polskim, rosyjskim. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne Vol. 5, No 2 (2019), strony 109-125 ; artykuł w: Społeczne i ekonomiczne problemy i zagrożenia w XX i XXI wieku = Sočialʹno-êkonomičeskie problemy i ugrozy v 20 i 21 veke = Social and economic problems and threats in 20th and 21st century Strony 109-125 ; Bibliografia na stronie 125. ; Streszczenie w języku angielskim, polskim, rosyjskim. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne Vol. 5, No 2 (2019), strony 109-125 ; artykuł w: Społeczne i ekonomiczne problemy i zagrożenia w XX i XXI wieku = Sočialʹno-êkonomičeskie problemy i ugrozy v 20 i 21 veke = Social and economic problems and threats in 20th and 21st century Strony 109-125
The article characterises the system of protection of the population, animals, natural environment and infrastructure located in the territory of the Republic of Poland against weapons of mass destruction (WMD), which include nuclear, radiological, biological and chemical weapons. The text is divided into seven parts, which discuss the types of WMD, the WMD protection system as a whole and its five components. Each section outlines the organisational and legal structure of this system and subsystems, and the tasks assigned to each of the bodies that comprise them.
The aim of this article is to analyse the attitude of the contemporary Polish national camp towards local government in the political concepts of the two most influential political parties of this trend - League of Polish Families and National Movement. In the article are characterized the most important issues such as: the role of local government, the tasks of local government, the postulated reforms.
This article analyses the political concepts of the contemporary Polish national camp, represented by the League of Polish Families (2001–2011) and the National Movement (since 2012). Both parties strived to create a national state in which the Polish nation would have a dominant position and pursue its own interests. According to the leaders of both parties, only a nation-state can pursue a policy of comprehensive internal social, economic and military development, making Poland an important player in international politics and ensuring the security and prosperity of its citizens.
