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THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT WITHIN THE EUROPEAN STATE SYSTEM, THE STRUGGLE TO CONTROL THE INSTITUTIONS AND INSTRUMENTS OF ORGANIZED VIOLENCE PRODUCED AN EXTERNALLY-ORIENTED CONCEPTION OF SECURITY THAT RESTED UPON THE UNCONDITIONAL LEGITIMACY OF THE STATE, A SOCIETAL CONSENSUS OVER BASIC VALUES AND THE NEAR-ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE FROM POLITICAL LIFE, WHICH PERMITTED A STRONG IDENTIFICATION OF THE SECURITY OF THE STATE WITH THE SECURITY OF ITS CITIZENS. THE CONDITIONS FOR SUCH IDENTIFICATION DO NOT HOLD IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD, AND HENCE THIS CONCEPTION CANNOT ADDRESS EITHER THE THREATS TO STATE STRUCTURES OR REGIMES THAT DO NOT EMERGE FROM OTHER STATES, OR THE THREATS THAT STATES AND REGIMES CAN POSE TO THEIR OWN CITIZENS OR SOCIETIES. A MORE HISTORICALLY-SENSITIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX FOR STUDYING SECURITY ON REGIONAL/INTERSTATE, STATE REGIME AND SOCIETAL /INDIVIDUAL LEVELS POSSESSES GREATER EXPLANATORY POWER, WHILE REMAINING TRUE TO THE TRADITIONAL CONCERNS OF SECURITY STUDIES WITH THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONS AND INSTRUMENTS OF ORGANIZED VIOLENCE. SUCH AN APPROACH, WHICH IS ROOTED IN AN ACCOUNT OF THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS OF ORGANIZED VIOLENCE IN STATE FORMATION PROCESSES, IS USED TO PRESENT A MORE NUANCED ACCOUNT OF THE PROCESSES OF "MILITARY DEVELOPMENT" IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST.

The third edition of the Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe provides an authoritative and thorough analysis of the political changes which have occurred in Central and Eastern Europe since the demise of communism. It offers an historical, comparative perspective of the region and focuses on the social consequences of the democratisation process. Each chapter includes detailed examinations of elections, the formation of governments, electoral systems, and constitutional arrangements. These in-depth and up-to-date analyses are supplemented by chapters drawing conclusions on the party

Background During the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, many countries in Africa achieved marked reductions in under-5 and neonatal mortality. Yet the pace of progress substantially varied at the national level, further demonstrating a vital need to track even more localised trends in child mortality. With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, which established ambitious targets for improving child survival by 2030, optimal intervention planning and targeting will require understanding past trends and rates of progress at a higher spatial resolution. Methods We assembled 215 geographically-resolved data sources on child deaths to produce 5x5 kilometre (km) estimates of under-5 and neonatal mortality in 46 African countries for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We used a Bayesian geostatistical analytic framework to generate these estimates, and implemented a predictive validity tests. Last, we aggregated these 5x5 km estimates to two subnational administrative levels to maximise the policy utility of these results. Findings Amid improving child survival in Africa, substantial heterogeneity was found in terms absolute levels of under-5 and neonatal mortality in 2015 and the annualised rates of decline achieved from 2000 to 2015. Subnational areas in countries such as Botswana, Egypt, and Ethiopia recorded some of the largest decreases in child mortality rates since 2000, positioning them well to achieve SDG targets by or prior to 2030. Yet these geographies were the exception for Africa: to achieve SDG 3.2 for under-5 mortality by 2030, most of the continent – particularly in central and western Africa – must at least double the pace at which mortality rates fell between 2000 and 2015. Interpretation In the absence of unprecedented political commitment, financial support, and medical advances, the viability of SDG 3.2 achievement in Africa is precarious at best. By producing child mortality rates at multiple levels of geospatial resolution over time, our study offers decision-makers a ...

The authors regret that they have to correct the acknowledgement of the above mentioned publication as follows: This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) which is funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. For further information see www.cost.eu. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. ; This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) which is funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks.