Racism
In: Social Issues, Justice and Status
Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Exclusion of Irregular Migrants in Europe: Past, Present and Future -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Policies Regarding Irregular Migrants in Europe: Historic Overview -- 2.1. Period 1848 - 1944: Revolutions and Wars -- 2.1.1. Exclusion of 'Poor Aliens' -- 2.1.2. The Introduction of the Concept 'Illegal Refugees' -- 2.1.3. In Summary -- 2.2. Period 1945 - 1972: The Establishment of a New World Order -- 2.2.1. Including 'Spontaneous Labor Migrants' While Excluding Laborers from Former Colonies -- 2.2.2. 'Saved from Communist Regimes' -- 2.2.3. In Summary -- 2.3. Period 1973 - 1988: Oil and Other Crises -- 2.3.1. Immigrants 'Stealing Nationals' Jobs' -- 2.3.2. 'Combating Illegal Immigration and Illegal Employment' -- 2.3.3. Expanding Restrictions Equaled Expanding 'Illegalization' -- 2.3.4. In Summary -- 2.4. Period 1989 - 2000: The End of the Bipolar Stability -- 2.4.1. Expanding Restrictions Equaled Expanding 'Illegalization': Part Two -- 2.4.2. 'Bogus Asylum Seekers' -- 2.4.3. From 'Combating' to 'Fighting Illegal Immigration' -- 2.4.4. The European Community Acquires Shared Competence on Immigration and Asylum Policies -- 2.4.5. In Summary -- 2.5. Period 2001 - 2014: Terrorist Attacks and Other Safety Crises -- 2.5.1. 'Securitization of Europe' -- 2.5.2. The Birth of the EU-Acquit on Irregular Migration -- 2.5.3. Policies on Two Uneven Legs -- 2.5.4. 'Fortress Europe' with Its 'Welfare Castles' -- 2.5.5. In Summary -- 2.6. Period 2015 - Present Time: The European Crisis on Refugees -- 2.6.1. Caused by Member States' Free-Riding: 'The European Crisis on Refugees' -- 2.6.2. An Attempt to Uphold the EU's Fundamental Rights and Restore the European Solidarity -- 2.6.3. Improving Enforcement through EU Border Control -- 2.6.4. Improving Enforcement through 'Outwardization' of Control