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To any observer of Pakistani society and economy over the last
40 years four questions pose themselves with repeated persistence year
after year, survey after survey, census after census, decade after
decade. They are: the proportion aged less than 15 years of age, the
reported age group 5-9, the masculinity ratio, female illiteracy and
innumeracy. There are two other features of the Pakistani data situation
that ought to be taken into account during any consideration of these
data and their collection. They are: the innocence of vital registration
systems, and the ineffectiveness of family planning programmes. The
first four questions received little attention through the backstopping
offered by international agencies, from the subject-matter units in the
Federal Bureau of St.atistics (PBS), and from the analysts in such
research institutions as the PIDE. There seems to be no awareness of the
critical role of women's literacy and numeracy in the reorganization
plans of the Ministry of Women's Development [MWD (1989, 1989a)]. The
relevant concerns in WD publications are modest [e.g., WD (1980)]. The
last two questions

If the editor of this journal was given to that type C?f
language slant, this review could begin with the question "Why is
Pakistan fertility as low as it is?", or with the statement "Forty
percent of Pakistan infertility is due to sterility"; or still
differently "Pakistani mothers of sons are less fertile than those of
daughters". However, as matters stand, we have to begin more soberly.
'This book has been there now for six years and it is rather late in the
day to review it. Yet, it probably remains unknown to many readers and
it does contain unusual information. The work is strong
methodologically, and it applies in parts analytic methods not
ordinarily used among demographers and social scientists in the
English-speaking world. Most importantly, it relates Islam with
fertility - analytically, seriously and respectfully. 'This reviewer is
no judge of the religion-related parts of the book, but he knows the
author personally. In fact, Kouaouci, a professor of demography and
economic planning at the University of Algiers, spent the summer of 1988
at the University of Alberta preparing his paper for presentation to the
Second African Population Conference at Dakar the following November.
The author displayed not only all the external symptoms of a pious
person, but carried the inner dignity and all-round friendliness of a
truly religious man. More convincingly and objectively, all his
important statements are generously documented in footnotes for experts
to review.

S. Chandrasekhar (ed.). From India to Canada. A Brief History
of Immigration; Problems of Discrimination; Admission and Assimilation.
La Jolla, California: A Population Review Book, 1986.217 pp.US $ 25.00
Cloth, US $10.00 Paperback. Hubert CharboJUleau, Bertrand Desjardins,
Andre Guilemette, Yves Landry, Jacques Legare and Francom Nault.
Naissance d 'une Population. Les Francais etablis au Canada au XVIIe
siecle. Paris, France: Institut Nationala d'Etudes Demo· graphiques,
Presses Universitaires de France. Montreal: Presses de l'Universite de
Montreal, 1987. viii +232 pp + 3 folded graphs and maps. Fr francs 60.00
Paperback. Art Hansen and Anthony OJiver-Smith (eds.). Involuntary
Migration and Resettlement. The Problem and Responses of Dislocated
People. Boulder, Colorado: West· view Press, 1982. xi + 333 pp.US $
25.00 Cloth. Hania Zlotnik and Silvano M. Tomasi (eds.). International
Migration Review: Measuring International Migration: Theory and
Practice. Special Issue in cooperation with International Union for the
Scientific Study of Population. Vol. 21, No.4. Winter 1987. xii + 689
(925-1613) pp.

Canada, from a Pakistani standpoint, is as exotic as Pakistan
is to a Canadian. The purpose of this review article is to present to
the Pakistani reader four publications with interesting, and partly
unusual, aspects of the Canadian society, demography and economy. It
would be pressing one's luck too much to claim that comparative lessons
can be learned of use and significance to Pakistan. The two societies
are too different for that, but who knows, maybe there is a theoretical
continuum, common to both.

The problem of the sex ratio fascinates social scientists.
Some measure it through the masculinity ratio (number of men per woman),
others use the feminity ratio (number of women per man). Among the
latter is the majority of social scientist on this subcontinent e.g.,
Gupta [13 ; maps 24,25,26 and 27) and in several countries of
continental Europe [66, fn. 33, p. 3] . Corrado Gini, the celebrated
creator of various indices, popular in social Sciences, devoted to the
topic his very first book [11]. Sex and gender is one of the most
important and popular variables, on which a social scientist breaks up
his data into Significantly different groups.

The publication reviewed is number 9 in the series" Applied
Statistics and Econometrics" edited by Gerhard Tintner, Pierre Desire
Truonet, and Heinrich Strecker. The purpose of the series is to publish
papers " too long for ordinary journal articles, but not long enough for
books . ... . . Upon acceptance, speedy publication can be promised".
The abstracts in English, French, and German, usual in this series, are
missing from the copy reviewed. The book consists of ten chapters:
sampling theory; multi -stage sampling and other fundamental problems;
optimum stratification; variances; sampling with replacement and other
theoretical issues; experimental design; information theory; a
posteriori raising factors ; order statistics; Bayesian methods. Such an
ambitious content within 130 pages requires parsimonious presentation.
One chapter has been squeezed into hardly more than four pages. The
chapter on a posteriori raising factors will be useful in developing
countries and particularly when samples do not work out as designed. It
will also be refreshing to those limited to the literature in the
English language.

It is a parsimonious book for the massive material it
contains. Written for advanced students of social and behavioural
sciences, it presents the analytic uses, limitations, and assumptions
underlying the application of five techniques: factorial analysis of
variance designs, latin square designs, repeated measures designs,
analysis of covariance, and general regression analysis. The slimness of
the book is made possible partly by the parsimony of style - a parsimony
which did not impair the clarity of exposition - but mainly by the
unifying factor of the general linear model (GLM)presented in the first
two chapters. In this respect, the work reviewed resembles a 1978 book
on demographic technique of analysis by Guillaume J. Wunsch and Marc G.
Termote (plenum Press). There, too, in introductory chapters the common
elements of cohort analysis and period analysis were first presented in
a general manner and then applied to the four fields of mortality,
nuptiality, natality, and migration. These examples of generalizability
are recommended to expositors of intricacies in our profession. Such
methodological generalizations are a condition of real interdisciplinary
exchanges, of which this journal is a notable example. There is
something genuine about that kind of generalizations in comparison with
the more desperate attempts to generalize about the society so beloved
of recent Ph.Ds.

A brief historical review surveys the ethnic composition of the populations of the Sudan, but the rarity and unreliability of the sources must be underlined. Given an original population of unknown size, a probably weak growth rate seems to lead to a peak of eight or nine million souls between 1820 and 1880. The first demographic estimates, slightly more reliable than the preceding, date from 1882, the beginning of a religious and nationalist revolt against the Anglo-Egyptian occupier. In fifteen years, the population drops to two million, according to all appearances. Evidence is présents to elucidate the mechanism of this catastrophic decline.
After the reconquest in 1900 by the Anglo-Egyptian armed forces, the population begins to climb to the figure of ten million reached at the first census in 1955-1956. The growth of the entire country and each of the nine constituent provinces is compatible with most of the measurements based on the so-called quasi-stable population theory, and with the accounts of travellers and administrators. Obviously the estimates of the first such travellers and administrators were not as far from the reality — such as it emerges from quasi-stable population estimates — as their successors, whose accounts treat the period just before the 1956 census.
By way of comparison, the available figures of the 1973 census are indicated, but they présent no new or useful elements for the study of the past of the Sudan population and its censuses. That would require a more elaborate analysis, beyond the limits of the présent contribution.

The focus of this article is on the population size of
Pakistan during the census year 1972, and such estimates of population
growth as might be con¬sistent with the population size.1 The 1972
Census Evaluation Survey (CES) was not concerned directly with estimates
of these two parameters, but rather with the quality of the census data
within their various aspects. Nevertheless, some of the data collected
by CES throw light on population size and growth in Pakistan in 1972 and
it is the purpose of this paper to extract and present analytically
these data. It will be noted that such a presentation is made
inde¬pendently of and actually, at the time of writing, in the absence
of final results for 1972.2 When the detailed results become available,
it will be a matter for further analysis whether and how the conclusions
of this article will have to be changed.

The structure of this paper is adequately described by its
title. The title also summarizes its content. There is also a fourth
part to the paper, which suggests such alternative explanations of the
generation gap as might appear reasonable to those who agree with the
three main propositions of the paper. The paper does not deal with the
host of considerations outside demography, sociology and economics that
are not mentioned in the title, even though such considerations could be
relevant to the discussion. The paper does not deal with the
psychological, certainly not with the psychiatric (Freudian and
pseudo-Freudian), political, cultural and historical aspects, except in
so far as they are convenient or helpful in determining the main theme
of the paper. The various facets not covered have been excluded partly
because of this author's incom¬petence in the respective fields and
partly because of his lack of interest. The last phrase is a euphemistic
way of saying that in this opinion many of the explanations are
nonsensical, such as the son-father conflict viewed as a matter of
general, inevitable, and unavoidable development and not merely as a
sporadic, infrequent and individual aberration.

This book is a fascinating "who done it" and a thriller of the
first order. That is if one has the stamina and the equipment to work
one's way through it. Your reviewer considers himself a trained
demographer and comes out of possibly the most rigorous demographic
school. He was an Africanist for" many years. He worked with one of the
main techniques employed in this book for ten years and was familiar
with another group of methods used by the authors for fifteen years. Yet
he found it tough going. The book is long and difficult. One wonders who
will be the readers.

Pop data from the underdeveloped countries are usually uncertain, although the need for accurate estimates is esp acute there. In considering pop data from these countries, 3 biases are useful: (1) it is more important to know the rate of growth than absolute size; (2) pop figures always refer to the past; (3) the reliability of any figure is suspect, since a phenomenon in the data need not be a true demographic fact. Post-enumeration field checks, although they can disclose only variations in response & not biases of methods of measurement, are indispensable to even the best survey. In the analysis of inadequate data, age distributions are of particular value, because they are much more strongly influenced by changes in fertility than by changes in mortality. The quasi-stable pop theory rests on this assumption, & its usefulness in the estimation of vital rates is evaluated. A second means of analyzing inadequate data is the Pakistani Pop Growth Estimation exp, which entails the first application of the Chandra-Deming formula. Unorthodox use of age distributions in the study of Ur migration & life-cycle phases are briefly discussed, to indicate age distribution as a 'mirror of the demographic past.' P. Metzger.